Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

What are chromosomes ?

A

Chromosomes carry genetic information in a DNA molecule

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2
Q

What is a gene

A

Section of a chromosomes that contains the code for the production of a particular protein

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3
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does each body cell have ?

A

23

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4
Q

What is the point of the cell cycle + mitosis

A

Growth and repair

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5
Q

Outline the cell cycle

A
  • The cell grows its subcellular structures
  • DNA synthesis - the chromosomes are now double stranded
  • further growth - DNA checked for errors
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6
Q

Outline mitosis

A

DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
Nuclear membrane breaks down - chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell
One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell by fibres and the nucleus divides
The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical daughter cells

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7
Q

Outline mitosis

A

DNA replicates to form two copies of each chromosome
Nuclear membrane breaks down - chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell
One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell by fibres and the nucleus divides
The cytoplasm and cell membranes divide to form two identical daughter cells

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8
Q

What is a stem cell ?

A

cells that have not undergone differentiation - not specialised for a specific function.

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9
Q

Stem cells are first found in the…

A

Embryo. If they are removed from the embryo ( embryonic stem cells ) they can differentiate into anything

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10
Q

Adult stem cells are found in…

A
Bone marrow
brain
eyes 
blood
liver
skin 
muscle
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11
Q

stem cells from bone marrow can differentiate into…

A

Blood cells or cells of the immune system

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12
Q

Stem cells in plant ?

A

Meristems. as cells grow older they differentiate in vacuoles

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13
Q

Cell differentiation

A

zygote must divide to produce a multicellular organism. Must differentiate to fulfil specific roles

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14
Q

Cloning in plants ?

A

Cells from meristems can be cloned
Meristematic cells removed from plant and grown in tissue culture
Cells grown in a culture medium that contains agar - provide water for growing cells
Done to produce identical plants quickly and economically
This is useful to provide crop plants for large-scale cultivation that have desirable characteristics such as disease resistance.

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15
Q

Using human stem cells

A

could be used to replace cells that have been damaged or destroyed

  • diabetes
  • paralysis
  • could be embryonic stem cells
  • could be adult stem cells
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16
Q

When are adult stem cells used

A

To replace blood cells that have been destroyed by cancer treatment
blood cell cancer such as leukemia

17
Q

Therapeutic cloning ?

A

Not rejected by patients immune system. Could produce stem cells with the same genetic make up as its patient

18
Q

Technique ?

A
  • nucleus removed from patient’s cell
  • nucleus of patient transferred to donor egg cell
  • nucleus from donor egg cell discarded
  • cell divides and forms an embryo
  • after 4/5 days - stem cells removed
  • Stem cells from embryo are cultivated for therapeutic use
19
Q

Clinical issues with therapeutic cloning ?

A
  • No guaranteed success rate
  • difficulty in finding stem cell donors
  • Mutations of stem cells - some have behaved like cancer cells
  • Cultured stem cells could be contaminated with a virus that could be transferred to the patient.
20
Q

Ethical issues with therapeutic cloning ?

A

seen as a commodity and not as a future person

- Is it right to create embryos for therapy and destroy them in the process

21
Q

social issues about therapeutic cloning

A

Educating the public about what stem cells can, and can’t do, is important.