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Biology > Cell division > Flashcards

Cell division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What does the cell membrane do? (1 mark)

A

It controls the movement of substances in and out of cells

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2
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm? (1 mark)

A

It is a gel-like substance where chemical reactions inside the cell take place (e.g. anaerobic respiration)

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3
Q

What is the function of the nucleus (or DNA)? (1 mark)

A

It contains genetic material and controls cell activities

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4
Q

What is the function of ribosomes? (1 mark)

A

They are the site of protein synthesis

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5
Q

What are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (4 marks)

A

The genetic material (DNA) in eukaryotic cells is enclosed within a nucleus. Whereas, the genetic material in prokaryotic cells is not enclosed within a nucleus, but is rather found as a single loop of DNA within the cytoplasm.
Eukaryotic cells vary in size, usually between 10 and 100 µm. Whereas, prokaryotic cells are smaller in comparison, measuring around ~ 1 µm in size

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6
Q

What are the cell membranes of all prokaryotic cells surrounded by? (1 mark)

A

A cell wall (usually made from a substance called peptidoglycan)

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7
Q

What are some examples of eukaryotic cells? (4 marks)

A

animals and plant cells, fungi and protists

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8
Q

What are some examples of prokaryotic cells? (1 mark)

A

Bacterial cells

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9
Q

Where is the genetic material (DNA) in prokaryotic cells found? (2 marks)

A

The genetic material is found as a single loop of DNA within the cytoplasm
Additional smaller, circular pieces of DNA is found as plasmids

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10
Q

What do scientists measure the size of cells in? (1 mark)

A

Micrometres (µm)

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11
Q

What is the order of measurement? (1 mark)

A

metre (m)
millimetre (mm)
micrometre (µm)
nanometre (nm)

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12
Q

How do you change between the measurements? (1 mark)

A

/ 1000 or x 1000

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13
Q

What is the size of a palisade mesophyll cell? (1 mark)

A

70 µm

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14
Q

What is the size of a cheek cell? (1 mark)

A

65 µm

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15
Q

What is the size of mitochondria and chloroplast? (1 mark)

A

1.5 µm

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16
Q

What is the size of cholera bacterium? (1 mark)

A

1.5 µm

17
Q

What is the size of the HIV virus? (1 mark)

A

100 nm

18
Q

How do you work out the order of magnitude? (2 marks)

A

order of magnitude is 10 to the power of n

e.g. 100x greater = 10^2 = 2 orders of magnitude

19
Q

What is the purpose of mitochondria? (1 mark)

A

It is the site of aerobic respiration and energy release

20
Q

What is an organelle? (2 mark)

A

It is a subcellular structure that is specialised to carry out a particular function or process within a cell

21
Q

Why are some organelles not membrane bound? (2 marks)

A

Some organelles are more solid structures that are not fluid-filled (e.g. ribosomes and the cell wall)

22
Q

What are some examples of organelles in animal cells? (5 marks)

A 
The nucleus
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes
Cytoplasm
23
Q

What are some examples of organelles in plant cells? (2 marks)

A

Cell wall made of cellulose

A permanent vacuole filled with cell sap

24
Q

What is the function of a cell wall? (1 mark)

A

It is made of cellulose to strengthen the cell

25
Q

What is the purpose of chloroplast? (1 mark)

A

It contains chlorophyll (green pigment to absorb light energy) and is the site for photosynthesis

26
Q

What is the purpose of a permanent vacuole? (2 marks)

A

It is filled with cell sap (a solution of sugars and salts dissolved in water) to keep cells rigid.
It also stores certain materials (e.g. salts and minerals)

27
Q

What do light microscopes use? (1 mark)

A

They use light and lenses to form a magnified image of a specimen

28
Q

What are light microscopes used for seeing? (1 mark)

A

to see images of cells and large subcellular structures (like nuclei and vacuoles)

29
Q

When were the first light microscopes invented? (1 mark)

A

In the 17th Century

30
Q

Which scientists used microscopes to develop our first understanding of cells? (2 marks)

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke

31
Q

When were the first electron microscopes developed? (1 mark)

A

in the first half of the 20th Century

32
Q

What do electron microscopes use?

A

They use beams of electrons, rather than light, to visualise specimens

33
Q

Why do electron microscopes use an electron beam? (2 marks)

A

The wavelength of an electron beam is much smaller than that of visible light, which gives electron microscopes a much higher resolution and magnification

34
Q

What are electron microscopes used for? (2 marks)

A

To study cells in much finer detail (e.g. subcellular structures such as the mitochondrion)
They also help to develop an understanding of the structure of the nucleus and cell membrane

35
Q

What is the equation for magnification? (1 mark)

A

actual size = image size / magnification

Biology (7 decks)

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