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Grade Ten Biology > Cell differentiation and Specialization > Flashcards

Cell differentiation and Specialization Flashcards

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1
Q

Hierarchy Of Organization

What is a specialized cell?

Cells organize themselves in an increasingly complex manner.

A

Cells that have a specific structure in correspondance to the location and tasks they are programmed to do. They have specific functions and structures in the body.

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2
Q

Hierarchy Of Organization

What are tissues within the body?

Tissue level

A

A group of cells that have similar structure and that function together as a unit.

E.g., accumulation of muscle cells form muscle tissue

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3
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of two or more tissue types that work together to form a specific complex function.

E.g., heart, liver, lungs, brain, etc.

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4
Q

Hierarchy of Organization

What is an organ system?

A

Consists of one or more organs and other structures that work together to perform a vital body function.

E.g., Circulatory, Respiratory, Nervous, etc.

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5
Q

What is an organism?

A

Made up of multiple organ systems working together. The functioning of the whole organism depends on the hierarchy of organization within the animal.

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6
Q

Stem Cells

What is Cellular differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell becomes specialized to perform a specific function.

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7
Q

Stem Cells

What is a Stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell that can divide to form specialized cells based on which genetic information is expressed.

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8
Q

Explain the Cell differentiation Process.

A
  1. Fertilization: An egg is fertilized by a sperm cell, forming a zygote.
  2. Totipotency: The zygote is totipotent, meaning it has the potential to form all cell types, including both the embryo and the placenta.
  3. Formation of Pluripotent Cells: As the zygote divides and forms a blastocyst, cells in the inner cell mass (ICM) become pluripotent. These pluripotent stem cells can now only develop into cells of the embryo and its derivatives but can no longer form extra-embryonic tissues like the placenta.
  4. Multipotency: The pluripotent stem cells further differentiate and become multipotent, meaning their potential is now limited to specific tissue types. These multipotent cells are organized into categories, such as:
  • Hematopoietic stem cells (blood cell lineage)
  • Neural stem cells (nervous system)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (bone, cartilage, muscle, and fat)
  1. Final Maturation: Multipotent stem cells continue to specialize, ultimately maturing into fully differentiated cells within their specific tissue systems or groups, fulfilling unique roles like red blood cells, neurons, or muscle cells
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9
Q

What are Totipotent Stem cells?

Toti = Whole

A

Formed shortly after fertilization of an egg cell by a sperm cell, can form embryo and placenta (placenta is discarded after birthing). They can become all of the cells of the human body (after further differentiation), as well as the cells of the embryo and developing fetus.

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10
Q

Pluripotent

What are Pluripotent Stem cells?

Pluri = Many

A

Give rise to all of the cell types that form the human body, but are not as versatile as totipotent cells (meaning, once, the totipotent cell differentiates into pluripotent, it cannot go back). Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are derived from mammalian embryos during the transition from totipotency and are compotent to make only embryonic lineages.

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11
Q

Multipotent Stem Cells

What are multipotent stem cells?

Adult Stem cell (final stage of differentiation): Multi = Several

A

More specialized than totipotent or pluripotent stem cells and usually prefer to become cells of a certain class or category.

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12
Q

Multipotent Stem Cells

What are Hematopoetic Stem Cells (HSCs)?

A

These stem cells become cells of the blood and immune system.

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13
Q

Multipotent Stem Cells

What are Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)?

A

These are stem cells that are found in bone marrow, fat, and other tissues, as they form into bone, fat, muscle, and cartilage cells.

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14
Q

Multipotent Stem Cells

What are Neural Stem Cells?

A

These cells are found in the brain as they differentiate into neurons, glia, and other similar cells.

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15
Q

Pluripotent Stem Cells

What are Types of Pluripotent Stem Cells?

A

**Embryonic stem cells (ESCs)
**controversial, because they are collected from early-stage embryos. Even though the embryo only consists of 100–200 cells at this stage, this limits their use

**Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)
**not controversial, because they are made from adult cells, usually created from skin or blood cells

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16
Q

What is an Embryonic Stem Cell?

A

They are pluripotent and undifferentiated, they have not matured into a multipotent stem cell (meaning adult) and are not specialized. Embryonic stem cells can become any kind of cell in the body.

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17
Q

What makes Embryonic Stem cells different from other stem cells?

A

They have the ability to become any type of cell in the body and multiply endlessly.

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18
Q

In a laboratory setting, how can embryonic stem cells be used?

A

They can be multiplied to create stem cell lines, that can be studied and applied for therapeutic purposes.
Scientists also harvest embryonic stem cells (from 3-5 day old embryos). They can also be nudged to become specific cell types.

19
Q

How do people donate embryonic stem cells?

A

People undergo in-vitro fertilization.

20
Q

When was the first human embryonic stem cell isolated?

A

1998

21
Q

Why do the characteristics of embryonic stem cells give these cells medical potential?

A

Because these cells can be manipulated to create a plethora of different cells in the body which can be applied to treat injuries and diseases.

they can differentiate and multiply

22
Q

If scientists are able to control how Embryonic Stem Cells can differentiate and how often they do so…

Complete the Sentence.

A

Can be used to replace any damaged part of the body by creating cells.

23
Q

What are some limitations of Embryonic Stem Cell Therapy?

A
  • Many people have ethical problems using human embryos for scientific study.
  • Embryonic stem cells’ ability to replicate endlessly means they may develop mutations that can interfere with their growth or allow them to keep dividing to the point of causing harm.
  • Finding the right medical applications for embryonic stem cells is challenging.
24
Q

What are Adult Stem Cells?

A

Multipotent: More matured than embryonic stem cells, though they don’t necessarily have to come from adults.
-limited in their ability to differentiate. Pockets of adult stem cells are found in many of our organs and they replenish cells in the organs in which they reside.

25
Q

What makes Adult Stem Cells different from other stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells are limited in their abilities. They can only become certain types of cells (hematopoetic, mesenchymal, and neural)- there is a limit to how often they can divide.

26
Q

Why do the characteristics of Adult stem cells give these cells medical potential?

A

Adult stem cells are less powerful than embryonic, but they are easier to use, since all humans have their own supply of these cells.

27
Q

What are the limitations of using Adult Stem Cell Therapy?

A

It’s unclear how useful these stem cells could be given their limited abilities. Though the idea of tapping into a person’s own source of adult stem cells and using them for treatment is appealing, these cells cannot repair serious injuries or replace cells lost to disease, like neurons or insulin-producing cells.

28
Q

What are Induced-pluripotent Stem Cells?

A

Induced-pluripotent stem (IPS) cells are adult cells that have been taken from an individual and reprogrammed in a lab to become like embryonic stem cells.
These cells can be developed into any other type of cell.

29
Q

How are Induced-pluripotent Stem Cells different from other stem cells?

Similar or Different

A

Induced-pluripotent cells are different than other stem cells because they are manufactured in a laboratory. Because they come from an individual, they are an exact match to that individual.
Scientists are still studying whether IPS cells could be used interchangeably with embryonic stem cells.

30
Q

Why do the characteristics of induced-pluripotent stem cells give these cells medical potential?

A
  • Induced-pluripotent stem cells have the ability to replace cell types lost from injury and disease.
  • IPS cells can be used to study human diseases (e.g., scientists can take skin cells from a person with a genetic mutation and convert those cells in IPS cells, study those cells and develop and understanding of how mutation functions).
31
Q

What are the limitations of using Induced-Pluripotent Stem Cell Therapy?

A

Making IPS cells can be a time- and resource-consuming process.

IPS cells mostly have the same limits as embryonic stem cells.

32
Q

Thinking Question

How are Totipotent stem cells different than pluripotent stem cells?

A

Totipotent – early in development, these cells can become any kind of cell in the body
Pluripotent – as embryo develops, these cells are less versatile (capable of producing many but not all types of cells)

33
Q

Thinking Question

What is tissue engineering and what are its benefits?

A

Tissue engineering is a field of research studying ways to regenerate human body tissues and parts that do not normally regenerate. At Toronto Western hospital, human bladders are being created as well as tissue grafting for spinal cord injuries.

34
Q

There is a lot of controversy around the use of stem cells. What is the source of embryonic stem cells?

A
  1. Young embryos
  2. Unused embryos from fertility clinics
35
Q

Thinking Questions

What is Cord Blood Banking?

Hematopoetic Stem Cells

A

Cord blood banking is the process of collecting, processing, and storing the blood from a newborn’s umbilical cord and placenta. This cord blood is rich in hematopoietic stem cells—cells that can develop into various types of blood and immune system cells.

36
Q

Application Question

What are the different types of Cord Blood Banking?

A

Public Banking: Cord blood is donated to a public bank, where it’s available for anyone in need of a stem cell transplant. This type is free of charge for donors, and the collected blood is stored for public use or research.

Private Banking: Families pay to store cord blood in private banks for personal or family use, potentially saving it for future medical treatments if a family member needs a stem cell transplant.

37
Q

Application Question

What is Regeneration?

Tissue

A

Regeneration is the process by which the body naturally repairs or regrows damaged tissues and organs, often using stem cells to replace cells that are lost or damaged. It occurs naturally in certain tissues, like skin and liver, but regenerative medicine seeks to enhance or guide this process in tissues that don’t heal easily.

38
Q

What is Tissue Engineering?

A

Creation of artificial tissues for repairing or replacing damaged body parts. Scientists can employ stem cells and growth factors to build structures that mimic natural tissues, such as skin, cartilage, or even small organ models.

39
Q

What are technological impacts of Cord Blood banking?

A
  1. These technologies can replicate cord blood stem cells, allowing scientists to culture many stem cells from a small sample. This could mean that one cord blood collection could treat multiple family members or provide a baby with multiple treatments.
  2. TotiCyteTM: Which can produce a larger number of viable cells for therapeutic use than other volume reduction technologies. It can also increase the quality of stored cord blood units, which could make public banking more profitable.
  3. Blockchain technology: This technology can be used in blood bank systems to verify the quality and expiry of blood.
  4. New cell culture technologies can create new products that may improve graft success in patients.
  5. Gene editing: These technologies can be combined with expansion platforms to create new therapeutic avenues for patients with blood-based inherited gene disorders.
40
Q

What are societal impacts of Cord Blood Banking?

A
  1. Cord blood banking can raise ethical concerns about patient safety, autonomy, and potential for conflict of interest.
  2. Private cord blood banks can engage in misleading marketing that advertises hypothetical future treatments. This marketing can influence consumer behavior and may breach existing advertising law.
  3. Commercial companies promote the idea that donating cord blood is beneficial for future treatment. sked if they can bank their new baby’s cord blood.
41
Q

What are technological impacts of Tissue Stem Cell Transplantation?

A
  1. Stem cell transplants have already helped people with blood cancers, and research suggests they may help with autoimmune diseases and transplanted organs. Stem cells can also be used to test the safety of new drugs.
  2. Stem cells can help researchers understand how diseases develop, and generate healthy cells to repair damaged tissues.
  3. Impact on reproductive medicine and emerging technologies.
42
Q

What are societal impacts of Tissue Stem Cell Transplant?

A
  1. The use of embryonic stem cells raises ethical dilemmas.
  2. Stem cell transplants can have a long-term side effect that can impact quality of life.
43
Q

What are technological impacts of Tissue Engineering?

A
  1. Useful in treating injuries which involves replacement of tissues for patients- allowing recovery to be more accessible.
  2. Aid in research by providing a source of biological models for testing drugs and other potentially dangerous substances.

Grade Ten Biology (11 decks)

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