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Eukaryotic cell biology 2 > Cell differentiation > Flashcards

Cell differentiation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

Process by which a cell becomes a more specialized cell type

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2
Q

How does differentiation happen if every cell contains the same DNA?

A

Differential gene expression

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3
Q

How does differential gene expression happen at the DNA level?

A

Differences in transcription
Histone modifications
Condensation or loosening the DNA packaging
Enhancers

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4
Q

How does differential gene expression happen at the RNA level?

A

Post-transcriptional modifications
Alternative splicing
RNA stability

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5
Q

How does differential gene expression happen at the protein level?

A

Post-translational modifications
Stability
Localization

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6
Q

What is the most common regulatory point for differential gene expression?

A

Transcription. To transcribe or not to transcribe

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7
Q

How do the correct transcription factors for differential gene expression get expressed?

A

In response to signalling pathways

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8
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

Proteins that bind to DNA and regulate gene expression in different combinations at different times

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9
Q

When does most cell differentiation occur?

A

During development

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10
Q

Does cell differentiation occur in an adult organism?

A

Yes, mostly to repair damaged tissues

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11
Q

What is a cell lineage?

A

Pattern of mitotic cell divisions that leads to the formation of specific cell types, tissues, and organs

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12
Q

What controls a cell’s lineage?

A

Internal and external signals

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13
Q

How do signalling pathways determine a cell lineage?

A

Signals will induce specific protein expression and localization to cause a cell to become a certain cell type

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14
Q

What cells form the beginning of a cell lineage?

A

Stem cells

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15
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Unspecialized cells that have the ability to reproduce to create more of themselves, or to differentiate into more specialized cell types

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16
Q

What is symmetric division?

A

The two daughter cells produced are identical to each other. Either 2 stem cells or two differentiated cells are produced

17
Q

What is asymmetric division?

A

The two daughter cells produced are different from each other

18
Q

How do asymmetric divisions happen?

A

Certain proteins will accumulate in one side of the parent cell, and when it divides those proteins are only in 1 daughter cell

19
Q

What is cell potency?

A

The ability for a cell to become something else

20
Q

How are adult stem cells different from embryonic stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells are multipotent and don’t have all the ethical considerations that ESCs do. ESCs are also pluripotent

21
Q

How does potency change further along a cell lineage?

A

Less become less potent. They start out totipotent in the early embryo, then become pluripotent for development, then become multipotent later on and in the adult

22
Q

What are progenitor cells?

A

The cells that come before the final differentiation

23
Q

What is a stem cell niche?

A

A location in an adult organism where a population of stem cells can be maintained

24
Q

Where is the stem cell niche in the intestines? Why is this stem cell population needed?

A

Located between the vili in the crypts. Intestinal epithelial cells are constantly dying and getting sluffed off, so they need to be constantly replaced

25
Q

What happens between cell birth and cell death in the small intestine?

A

Stem cells divide in the crypts, and push the cells outwards up the vili. They differentiate into 1 of 4 intestinal cell types depending on the signals they receive, and become more differentiated as they migrate upwards

26
Q

What are 4 techniques to study cell differentiation?

A

Fluorescence microscopy
Western blotting
Enzymatic assays
Flow cytometry

Eukaryotic cell biology 2 (10 decks)

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