cell death

Question 1

cellular homeostasis

Answer 1

cells ability to maintain a condition of equilibrium within its internal environment when dealing w external changes

Question 2

hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in cell SIZE because of increased production of cellular protein
increased tissue mass in nondividing cells

Question 3

hyperplasia

Answer 3

increase in NUMBER of cells only if cell is capable of dividing

Question 4

atrophy

Answer 4

reduced size of an organ or tissue resulting from decrease in cell and number
decrease in protein synthesis along with increase in protein degradation
can be associated with autophagy

Question 5

metaplasia

Answer 5

one cell type is replaced by another cell type
caused by chronic irritation
–squamous cells more rugged than columnar to handle stress
–response to chronic irrigation of respiratory tract

Question 6

necrosis

Answer 6

passive, physiological processesn

Question 7

necrosis characteristics

Answer 7

denaturation of intracellular proteins and enzymatic digestion: release lysosome content
plasma membrane integrity compromised
ELICIT IMFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

Question 8

apoptosis

Answer 8

tightly regulated, programmed cell death

Question 9

apoptosis characterics

Answer 9

plasma membrane intact
activation of self degraded enzymes
shrinkage of cell
formation of apoptotic bodies
WITHOUT INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE

Question 10

procaspase

Answer 10

without apoptotic signal
-prodomain must be cleaved before active

Question 11

initiator caspases

Answer 11

1st type activated
cleaves and activates executioner caspases
caspase 8 and 9

Question 12

executioner capsases

Answer 12

activate downstream targets responsible for cell death
–protease and nucleus activation
capsase 3,6, 7

Question 13

DNA fragmentation no apoptotic signal

Answer 13

CAD binds to iCAD and remains inactive

Question 14

DNA fragmentation apoptonic signal

Answer 14

executioner caspases cleave iCAD
leads to fragmentation of genomic DNA

Question 15

PS non-apoptotic cells

Answer 15

PS only on inner leaflet of membrane

Question 15

PS apoptotic cells

Answer 15

PS flips to outer leaflet

Question 16

pro-apoptotic proteins

Answer 16

Bh3 only: Bim, Bid, Bad
channel forming: Bax and Bak

Question 17

anti-apoptotic proteins

Answer 17

Bcl2, Bcl-X, Mcl-1
keep cytochrome C inside

Question 18

Bak and Bax form pores

Answer 18

release proteins into cytoplasm (cytochrome c)

Question 19

ways survival factors can inhibit apoptosis

Answer 19

increase production of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2
increase activation of inhibitor Bcl-2
increase activity of IAPs proteins by inactivating their inhibitors

Question 20

Making IAPs active=

Answer 20

no apoptosis

Question 21

for the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis, what protein forms pores in the outer mitochondrial membrane?

Answer 21

Bax