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Mol Gen > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

interphase

A

duplication of cell’s contents
-90% of cells growth cycle
G1, S, G2

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2
Q

G1

A

first growth phase
cell commits to continue division OR exit from cell cyel

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3
Q

S

A

DNA replication
-each chromosome now composed of 2 chromatids
–tied together by cohesion molecules that form ring around chromatids (SMC1 and SMC3)

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4
Q

G2

A

final growth phase

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5
Q

G1 -> S

A

mitogenic stimulus present, signal transduction cascade initiated
results in expression of genes needed to proceed to S phase
cell committed after this!!!

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6
Q

mitosis

A

division of cellular material into 2 separate cells
5 phases

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7
Q

Quiescence (G0)

A

exit
not enough nutrients or growth conditions to replicate

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8
Q

prophase

A

chromatin condenses
-chromosome becomes visible
centrosomes separate
-move to opposite sides of nucleus
mitotic spindle formation
-separate 2 sister chromatids

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9
Q

condensins

A

-protein complexes that condense chromosomes to be easily segregated later
-SMC2 and SMC4 subunits
-cyclin-cdk complex phosphorylate condensins, resulting in assembly on chromosome

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10
Q

prometaphase

A

nuclear envelop breaks down
-allows spindle microtubules to access sister chromatids
-result of phosphorylation of nuclear pore proteins and lamins
chromosomes become more condensed
kinetochore formed at centromere
microtubules attached to kinetochore

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11
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes align on metaphase plate
mitotic spindle checkpoint
–each kinetochore must attach by spindle microtubule so each daughter cell gets copy of each chromosome

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12
Q

aster MT

A

holds centrosome in place at poles of mitotic spindle
“anchors”

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13
Q

kinetochore MT

A

attached kinetochore on each side of sister chromatids, links chromosomes to spindle pores
Linkers to sister chromatids

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14
Q

interpolar MT

A

2 microtubules from opposite poles interact w each other through motor proteins in middle of spindle pole
-provide rigid backbone for traction when we pull apart
-not associated w kinetochore

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15
Q

Anaphase promoting complex

A

E3 ligase that tags securin for degradation by ubiquitinating it

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16
Q

adenomatous polyposis coli

A

not an E3 ligase and does NOT ubiquitinate
-part of complex that phosphorylates B-catenin for degradation (wnt pathway)

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17
Q

securin

A

keeps separase inactive

18
Q

separase

A

cleaves cohesion complex
mediates separation of sister chromatids

19
Q

anaphase

A

each centromere splits-> 2 free chromatids
each chromatid moves toward pole
cell begins to elongate, caused by movement of motor proteins along interpolar microtubules

20
Q

anaphase A

A

chromosomes move toward opposite poles as kinetochore associated microtubules depolymerizes at + end

21
Q

anaphase B

A

the elongation and sliding of interpolar microtubules paste one another pushes 2 poles apart

22
Q

telophase

A

2 sets of chromosomes arrive at poles of spindle
reformation of nuclear membrane and nucleus occurs
formation of cleavage furrow
division of cytoplasm begins w assembly of contractile ring

23
Q

cytokinesis

A

cytoplasm divided into 2 by contractile ring of actin and myosin filaments
-pinch off to create 2 diploid daughter cells

24
Q

cdk

A

cyclin dependent protein kinases
-serine/thronine kinase
only active when bound to cyclin
cdk1, cdk2, cdk4/6
concentrations remain constant throughout the cell cycle
cdk activity oscillates

25
Q

cyclin

A

proteins that controls progression of cell cycle through interactions w cdks
concentration oscillates during cell cycle

26
Q

cdk inhibitors

A

cyclin D-cdk4/6 inhibitor: p16Ink4a
general cyclin-cdk inhibitor: p21 and p27
terminated through ubiquitination

27
Q

anaphase promoting complex/ cyclosome

A

directs degradation of cyclins
cdc20 and cdh1 are associated adaptor proteins that gives complex target specificity

28
Q

skp1/Cul1/ F0box complex

A

directs degradation of CKI

29
Q

g1-> S proteins involved

A

Rb-E2F joins (inactive)
cyclin d-cdk4/6 AND cyclin E-cdk2 activated
-Rb phosphorylated (inactivated), E2F free to induce S phase

30
Q

s phase initiation

A

ORC binds to origins of replication on chromosomes, bound by MCM and kept inactive by cdc6
cycline-cdk2 phosphorylates cdc6 marking for degradation
ORC/MCM complex is free

31
Q

g2-> m phase

A

cyclin B accumulates and rises
inactive state maintained by Wee1
near end g2, cdc25 phosphatase activates and removes wee1
-phosphorylation by CAK
-cyclin B-cdk1 active—-> mitosis

32
Q

positive feedback loop

A

activates cyclin b-cdk1 complex can phosphorylate (activate)
cdc25 phosphatase-> increase the amount of active cyclin B-cdk1

33
Q

cyclin b-cdk1 role in prophase

A

phosphorylates condensin subunits so sondensin assembles on chromosome

34
Q

cyclin b-cdk1 role in prometaphase

A

phosphorylates nuclear pore protein and lamins to breakdown nuclear lamina

35
Q

cyclin b-cdk1 role in metaphase

A

phosphorylates microtubule associated proteins to form interpolar microtubule connection and formation of mitotic spindle

36
Q

g1 checkpoint

A

IF DNA DAMAGED/ INCOMPLETE
p53 acts as TF and induces expression of p21 thta binds to cyclin d-cdk 4/6 and cyclin e-cdk2
–cause cell cycle arrest in G1 or S

37
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

IF DNA DAMAGED/ INCOMPLETE phosphorylated p53 induces expression of p21 which binds cyclin b-cdk1 to arrest cell cycle

38
Q

mitotic spindle checkpoint

A

if microtubules not attached to kinetochore of sister chromatid pair, cell will not proceed to anaphase

39
Q

the sister chromatid are unable to be tied together and move past S phase. which moleucle must be mutated?

A

Cohesin

40
Q

the cyclin-dependent protein kinase that specifially works on the G phase and is associated w CyclinD inhibition. which of the following is most likely causing the inhibition?

A

p16Ink4a

Mol Gen (5 decks)

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