Cell death Flashcards
where does coagulative necrosis occur
heart, adrenals, kidneys
Hallmark of coagulative necrosis
coagulative means clumping or coagulation r/t hypoxic injury or ischemia
lactic acid
denaturing
hypoxic death can occur in
CNS
MI
necrotic cells lost nuculei-coagulative necrotic process
liquefactive
mush stuff due to autolysis, opening up digesting from inside out. Pus, abcess
lysis mainly done by
immune cells
coagulative is always hypoxic except under
CNS
In CNS
alot of hydrolytic enzymes and lipids so, cell becomes liquified. In CNS, eg focal bacteria infection from phagocytic neutrophisl.
Heterolysis
from phagocytic neutrophis, bk things down and hydrolyze things.
Coagulative and Liquefactive two types of
necrosis
Caseous
means cheese combo of liquidactive and coagulative.
Caseous necrosis occurs in
TB, has granuloma due to inflammatory process, encases structure. Causes dense lesions in the lungs.
Fat necrosis
destruction of fats associated with premature release of enzymes that digest fats lipase from pancrease
Fat necrosis seen in
pancreatitis
Peritoneal cavity
fat necrosis, breast, pancreas, and abd
Fats being digested from minerals
CA+, Mg, NA+ see acute pancreatitis. Calcium soaps
calcium soaps hallmark of
fat necrosis
Gangrene
associated with hypoxia
Gangrene
occurs due to reduction in bld flow
Many times gangrene doesn’t have an infection
Wet gangrene
see infection, bacteria, phagocytic celsls release enzyme
Gangrene is cell death by
tissue hypoxia, due to ischemia
Dry gangrene is coagulative
in absence of infection
Gas gangrene
Anerobic bacteria thrives in oxygen depleated environments
Anerobic bacterium comes from
clostridium species
clostrium perfringes
causes necrotizing fascitis
necrosis
cell death
Necrosis
patholigical based on assault not coming from outside
heterolysis
other from other cells
Necrosis
shows clumping of the nuculeus
Karolysis
degrading of nuculeus
Pykonois
shrinking of nuculeus, condesing material of the nuculeus
Karorrhexis
fragmenting the nuculeus
Karorrhexis
fragmenting the nuculeus, random not precise
karolysis, karoheixis, pyknos
see under a microscope
apotosis
active programmed cell death carried out by proteins. Energy dependent, homestatic process of turning over cells.
Laddering
DNA gets cuts precise, resolve them in a lab
dead cells under go aptosis and get removed by
phagocytosis, but don’t get inflammatory response
Necrosis we get
inflammatory response, physilogical kind of death, hormone withdraws cells turn over becomes pathological
aptosis is pathological
in Aids triggered prematurely or excessively.
HIV
lose CD4 immune cells, which are T cells. Aids activates aptosis early, kill CD4 way before they should die.
CD4 cells make you at risk for
opportunistic infection
Aptosis is seen in
cancer, yocardial infaction, HIV- CD4 , T cells killed prematurely
gangrene
lack of bld flow
Ischemia underpins
gangrene
Gangrene you’ll see
heat, swelling, redness, leakage of fluids.
Gangrene
worry about infection
Necrosis two types
coagulative and liquifactive
Coagulative
results due to ischemia, tissue becomes dry and dies
liquefactive necrosis
infection, pus, carcasses of immune cells, bacteria
Caseous necrosis
combination of dry and liquactive
Gas gangrene
clostrifum perfringenes, anerobic bacteria, thrives in low to no o2 conditions
Heart disease, blood pressure, diabetes are contributes to
gangrene due to poor circulation
Gangrene management
sugars under control, bp under control,
See gangrene in dependent tissues due to
lack of bld flow
the basic pathological process that underpins gangrene is a lack of oxygen usually due to ischemia.
True
The answer is A– two general types of gangrene are dry gangrene and wet gangrene. And typically, when you look at dry gangrene, it is without infection. And wet gangrene is associated with infection.
he answer is B. Gas gangrene is classified as a subset of wet gangrene, and this is because gas gangrene involves an infection, usually with Clostridium type bacterium like Clostridium perfringens, and this produces a gas toxin which is very damaging and destructive to the tissue. But because it’s a type of infection, we would associate this as a sub-classification of wet gangrene.
The answer is true. Wet gangrene is often associated with infection. So again, typically, that changes in infection, give rise to the secretions, and the other changes that we see associated with wet gangrene.
The answer is C– gas gangrene. So when we’re looking at Clostridium perfringens– this is a anaerobic bacterium that typically gets into the tissue in an environment where there is a lack of oxygen. Remember, we said that ischemia was an underlying risk for gangrene.
So when we have this anaerobic bacteria, it starts to grow in this oxygen-deprived environment. It releases toxins, including exotoxins. And this is going to result in the release of a gas, which is very destructive to tissue, and again, gives rise to this kind of gas gangrene.
The answer is A, debridement. So this is a treatment approach that’s used for gangrene, and it involves surgical removal of dead and dying tissue. And this is important often times when there’s been a lot of tissue damage or destruction.
The answer is A. Coagulative and liquefactive are the two major necrotic processes associated with gangrene. So if we look at necrotic processes, coagulative and liquefactive are the two major types that we see. Things like caseous, fat– these are other subtypes of necrotic processes.
The answer is, A, Coagulative. So the type of necrotic process that is a consequence of hypoxia or ischemia associated with dry gangrene is a coagulative process.
The answer is b, liquefactive. So this is a necrotic process that typically occurs in wet gangrene where you get dissolution or liquification of tissue. So liquefactive is the type of necrosis that’s often associated with wet gangrene.
