Cell death

Question 1

where does coagulative necrosis occur

Answer 1

heart, adrenals, kidneys

Question 2

Hallmark of coagulative necrosis

Answer 2

coagulative means clumping or coagulation r/t hypoxic injury or ischemia

Question 3

lactic acid

Answer 3

denaturing

Question 4

hypoxic death can occur in

Answer 4

CNS

Question 5

MI

Answer 5

necrotic cells lost nuculei-coagulative necrotic process

Question 6

liquefactive

Answer 6

mush stuff due to autolysis, opening up digesting from inside out. Pus, abcess

Question 7

lysis mainly done by

Answer 7

immune cells

Question 8

coagulative is always hypoxic except under

Answer 8

CNS

Question 9

In CNS

Answer 9

alot of hydrolytic enzymes and lipids so, cell becomes liquified. In CNS, eg focal bacteria infection from phagocytic neutrophisl.

Question 10

Heterolysis

Answer 10

from phagocytic neutrophis, bk things down and hydrolyze things.

Question 11

Coagulative and Liquefactive two types of

Answer 11

necrosis

Question 12

Caseous

Answer 12

means cheese combo of liquidactive and coagulative.

Question 13

Caseous necrosis occurs in

Answer 13

TB, has granuloma due to inflammatory process, encases structure. Causes dense lesions in the lungs.

Question 14

Fat necrosis

Answer 14

destruction of fats associated with premature release of enzymes that digest fats lipase from pancrease

Question 15

Fat necrosis seen in

Answer 15

pancreatitis

Question 16

Peritoneal cavity

Answer 16

fat necrosis, breast, pancreas, and abd

Question 17

Fats being digested from minerals

Answer 17

CA+, Mg, NA+ see acute pancreatitis. Calcium soaps

Question 18

calcium soaps hallmark of

Answer 18

fat necrosis

Question 19

Gangrene

Answer 19

associated with hypoxia

Question 20

Gangrene

Answer 20

occurs due to reduction in bld flow

Question 21

Many times gangrene doesn’t have an infection

Question 22

Wet gangrene

Answer 22

see infection, bacteria, phagocytic celsls release enzyme

Question 23

Gangrene is cell death by

Answer 23

tissue hypoxia, due to ischemia

Question 24

Dry gangrene is coagulative

Answer 24

in absence of infection

Question 25

Gas gangrene

Answer 25

Anerobic bacteria thrives in oxygen depleated environments

Question 26

Anerobic bacterium comes from

Answer 26

clostridium species

Question 27

clostrium perfringes

Answer 27

causes necrotizing fascitis

Question 28

necrosis

Answer 28

cell death

Question 29

Necrosis

Answer 29

patholigical based on assault not coming from outside

Question 30

heterolysis

Answer 30

other from other cells

Question 31

Necrosis

Answer 31

shows clumping of the nuculeus

Question 32

Karolysis

Answer 32

degrading of nuculeus

Question 33

Pykonois

Answer 33

shrinking of nuculeus, condesing material of the nuculeus

Question 34

Karorrhexis

Answer 34

fragmenting the nuculeus

Question 35

Karorrhexis

Answer 35

fragmenting the nuculeus, random not precise

Question 36

karolysis, karoheixis, pyknos

Answer 36

see under a microscope

Question 37

apotosis

Answer 37

active programmed cell death carried out by proteins. Energy dependent, homestatic process of turning over cells.

Question 38

Laddering

Answer 38

DNA gets cuts precise, resolve them in a lab

Question 39

dead cells under go aptosis and get removed by

Answer 39

phagocytosis, but don’t get inflammatory response

Question 40

Necrosis we get

Answer 40

inflammatory response, physilogical kind of death, hormone withdraws cells turn over becomes pathological

Question 41

aptosis is pathological

Answer 41

in Aids triggered prematurely or excessively.

Question 42

HIV

Answer 42

lose CD4 immune cells, which are T cells. Aids activates aptosis early, kill CD4 way before they should die.

Question 43

CD4 cells make you at risk for

Answer 43

opportunistic infection

Question 44

Aptosis is seen in

Answer 44

cancer, yocardial infaction, HIV- CD4 , T cells killed prematurely

Question 45

gangrene

Answer 45

lack of bld flow

Question 46

Ischemia underpins

Answer 46

gangrene

Question 47

Gangrene you’ll see

Answer 47

heat, swelling, redness, leakage of fluids.

Question 48

Gangrene

Answer 48

worry about infection

Question 49

Necrosis two types

Answer 49

coagulative and liquifactive

Question 50

Coagulative

Answer 50

results due to ischemia, tissue becomes dry and dies

Question 51

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 51

infection, pus, carcasses of immune cells, bacteria

Question 52

Caseous necrosis

Answer 52

combination of dry and liquactive

Question 53

Gas gangrene

Answer 53

clostrifum perfringenes, anerobic bacteria, thrives in low to no o2 conditions

Question 54

Heart disease, blood pressure, diabetes are contributes to

Answer 54

gangrene due to poor circulation

Question 55

Gangrene management

Answer 55

sugars under control, bp under control,

Question 56

See gangrene in dependent tissues due to

Answer 56

lack of bld flow

Question 57

the basic pathological process that underpins gangrene is a lack of oxygen usually due to ischemia.

Answer 57

True

Question 58

The answer is A– two general types of gangrene are dry gangrene and wet gangrene. And typically, when you look at dry gangrene, it is without infection. And wet gangrene is associated with infection.

Question 59

he answer is B. Gas gangrene is classified as a subset of wet gangrene, and this is because gas gangrene involves an infection, usually with Clostridium type bacterium like Clostridium perfringens, and this produces a gas toxin which is very damaging and destructive to the tissue. But because it’s a type of infection, we would associate this as a sub-classification of wet gangrene.

Question 60

The answer is true. Wet gangrene is often associated with infection. So again, typically, that changes in infection, give rise to the secretions, and the other changes that we see associated with wet gangrene.

Question 61

The answer is C– gas gangrene. So when we’re looking at Clostridium perfringens– this is a anaerobic bacterium that typically gets into the tissue in an environment where there is a lack of oxygen. Remember, we said that ischemia was an underlying risk for gangrene.

So when we have this anaerobic bacteria, it starts to grow in this oxygen-deprived environment. It releases toxins, including exotoxins. And this is going to result in the release of a gas, which is very destructive to tissue, and again, gives rise to this kind of gas gangrene.

Question 62

The answer is A, debridement. So this is a treatment approach that’s used for gangrene, and it involves surgical removal of dead and dying tissue. And this is important often times when there’s been a lot of tissue damage or destruction.

Question 63

The answer is A. Coagulative and liquefactive are the two major necrotic processes associated with gangrene. So if we look at necrotic processes, coagulative and liquefactive are the two major types that we see. Things like caseous, fat– these are other subtypes of necrotic processes.

Question 64

The answer is, A, Coagulative. So the type of necrotic process that is a consequence of hypoxia or ischemia associated with dry gangrene is a coagulative process.

Question 65

The answer is b, liquefactive. So this is a necrotic process that typically occurs in wet gangrene where you get dissolution or liquification of tissue. So liquefactive is the type of necrosis that’s often associated with wet gangrene.