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yr 2 Cancer > Cell cycle control > Flashcards

Cell cycle control Flashcards

1
Q

What are the interphase stages

A

G1, S, G2

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2
Q

What happens during G1

A

cells are metabolically active
Cell increases size
Organelles are doubled

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3
Q

What happens during S phase

A

DNA replicates
Each copy of a chromosome is called a chromatid

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4
Q

What happens during G2 phase

A

cell increases in size
cell makes proteins that help cell division- eg tubulin

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5
Q

What is the mitotic spindle

A

Made of microtubules
separates chromosomes to opposite poles

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6
Q

What is the mitotic spindle made up of

A

Astral microtubules- From centrosome
Kinetochore- Attach to kinetochore on chromosomes
Overlap- overlap at equator

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7
Q

Kinesins

A

Microtubule motor protein. walks towards positive end.
Important for spindle length

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8
Q

Dyneins

A

Move towards microtubules negative end.
Movement of chromosomes and positioning mitotic spindle for division

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9
Q

What causes microtubule assembly

A

MAP (microtubule associated protein)

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10
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis

A

prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Cytokinesis

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11
Q

What happens during Prophase

A

Chromosomes condense
Spindle assembles

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12
Q

What happens during Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down
Microtubules bind to kinetochore
Chromosomes migrate in cell

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13
Q

What happens during Metaphase

A

Kinetochore attach chromatids to opposite poles of spindle
Chromosomes ALIGN

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14
Q

What happens during Anaphase

A

Sister chromatids separate, pulled towards opposite poles
Kinetochore shortens Interpolar grow and push spindle poles further apart
Astrals pull spindle polls to attach to cell cortex

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15
Q

What happens during Telophase

A

Chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and decondense
Nuclear envelope reforms
Division begins with contractile ring formation

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16
Q

What happens during Cytokinesis

A

Myosin forms contractile ring with actin
Cytoplasm divided by ring
Cell organelles are divided

17
Q

Cyclin dependent kinase (CDKs) - what does this mean?

A

Means cyclin needs to be bound for activity

18
Q

What CDK complexes are found in G1 phase

A

Cyclin D with CDK 4/6

19
Q

What CDK complexes are found in G1/s

A

Cyclin E with CDK 2

20
Q

What CDK complexes are found in S phase

A

Cyclin A with CDK 2

21
Q

What CDK complexes are found in Mitosis

A

Cyclin B with CDK 1

22
Q

What phosphorylates retinoblastoma

A

Cyclin D/ CDK4,6

23
Q

Why does retinoblastoma need to be phosphorylated

A

To release brake of G1 to S phase
Means Rb unbinds E2F transcription factors, therefore genes can be transcribed for S phase

yr 2 Cancer (10 decks)

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