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Mrs Lee Biology > cell cycle > Flashcards

cell cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What is meiosis

A

Process in which sex cells, gametes, are made in reproductive organs
Involves the reduction division of a diploid germline cell into 4 genetically distinct haploid nuclei

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2
Q

Prophase 1

A

Chromosomes condense
Nuclear membrane dissolves
Homologous chromosomes form bivalents, sister chromatids
Crossing over occurs

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3
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Spindle fibres from opposing centrosomes connect to bivalents at the centromeres and align them all along the middle of the cell
Independent assortment

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4
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Spindle fibres contract
Homologous chromosomes move to opposite poles of the cell
Crossing over occurs creating genetic varitation

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5
Q

Telophase 1

A

Chromosomes decondenses and assemble at each pole, nuclear membrane may reform, cell divides( via cytokinesis) to form 2 haploid daughter cells

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6
Q

Prophase 2

A

Chromosomes remain in pair up and recondense
Nuclear envelope breaks down again
Spindle fibres reform
Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell

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7
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids are aligned on the equator of the cell by the spindle fibres

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8
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Centromere divides
Sister chromatids are separated
Spindle fibres contract
Chromatids, now called chromosomes move to the poles of the cells

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9
Q

Telophase 2

A

Chromosomes uncoil and de condense.
Spindle fibres break down
Nuclear envelopes reform
Cell undergoes cytokines

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10
Q

Cytokines - meiosis

A

Cytoplasm and surface membrane divide

Creating 4 independent haploid daughter cells

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11
Q

Importance of cell cycle

A

Growth of tissue
Replacement of damaged cells
Repair of body tissue
Asexual reproduction- fungi

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12
Q

2 stages of cell cycle

A

Interphase: growth phase 1, synthesis , growth phases 2

M phase: mitosis, cytokines

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13
Q

Growth phase 1

A

Synthesis of proteins
Organelles replicate
Cell increases in size

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14
Q

Synthesis phase

A

Replication of each chromosomes in the nucleus

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15
Q

Growth phases 2

A

Cell continues to grow in size
Duplicated DNA is checked for errors
Energy stores are increased

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16
Q

Growth phase zero

A

Phase where the cell leaves the cell cycle ( resting)

If dna is damaged
Or is no longer able to divide

17
Q

Problems if DNA is not checked

A

Mutation in DNA sequence
Daughter cells will not receive identical genetic information
Proteins not made or do not function properly

18
Q

Prophase , mitosis

A

Chromosomes condense and thicken , becoming visible
Sister chromatids join at the centromere
2 centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell
Spindle fibres attach to specific areas on the centromeres and stat to move the sister chromatids to the equator of the cell
Nuclear envelope disappears

19
Q

Metaphase mitosis

A

Pairs of chromatids are moved by the spindle fibres to align at the metaphase plate

20
Q

Anaphase , mitosis

A

Centromeres holding the pairs of chromatids in each chromosome divide
Chromatids separate
Spindle contracts (fibres shorten)
Each chromatid is pulled by their centromere to opposite poles of the cell

21
Q

Telophase mitosis

A

Chromatids have reach opposite poles of the cell, they uncoil
Chromsomes assemble at each pole
Nuclear envelope reforms and encloses around the chromosomes at each pole

22
Q

Cytokines, mitosis

A 
cleavage furrow ( animals ) , cell plate ( plants ) forms 
Results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells being formed
23
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

End of growth phase one, and before synthesis
Checks that chemicals needed for replication are present
Checks for damage to DNA before entering synthesis phase
Cell size
Nutrients
Growth factors

24
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

Cell size
DNA replication
DNA damage

25
Q

How do fungus cells divide

A

Budding

26
Q

Features found in mature plant cells that are not found in unspecialised cells

A

Nucleus cytoplasm cell wall

27
Q

What features of the DNA molecules is changed due to mutation

A

Sequence of bases

28
Q

Possible effects of mutation

A

shorter due to deflection/ stop codon

Longer due to duplication

29
Q

What is meant by a homologous pair of Chromosomes

A 
1 maternal one paternal 
Carry the same genes as their parents 
Carry different alleles 
Similar length 
Centromere in the same position 
Pair up in meiosis to form a bivalent
30
Q

Interphase

A

DNA is replicated and checked for errors
Protien synthesis occurs
Mitochondria grow and divide, increasing in number
Chloroplast grow and divide in plant + algae
Normal metabolic processes of cells occur

31
Q

Significance of meiosis

A

Formation of sex cells, gametes

Creates genetic variation

32
Q

How does meiosis create genetic variation

A

Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes - metaphase 1
Crossing over of sister chromatids - anaphase 1
Independent assortment- metphase 2

33
Q

Significance of meiosis

A

Formation of sex cells, gametes

Creates genetic variation

34
Q

How does meiosis create genetic variation

A

Crossing over- part of each homologous chromosome switches (at points called chiasmata) as the are moved through the liquid cytoplasm, they entangle. This also causes mutation
Independent assortment- orientation and positions of homologous chromosomes is random along the metaphase plate

35
Q

How to measure rate of mitosis

A

Dissect samples from different parts of plant then stain and view under light microscope and record how many cells are undergoing mitosis.
The parts with more mitosis have a faster rate of growth

36
Q

M checkpoint

A

Checks sister chromatids are attached to spindle fibres

Mrs Lee Biology (12 decks)

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