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Biology 116 > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

Chapter 11

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1
Q

What percentage of the cell cycle is interphase?

A

90%

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2
Q

What are the phases of interphase?

A

G1 phase, S phase and G2 phase

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3
Q

What are the events of interphase?

A

The cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.

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4
Q

Mitotic Phase

A

This involves both mitosis and cytokineses

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5
Q

What are the two types of cell division?

A

Mitosis and Meiosis

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6
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm of cell divides into 2 distinct daughter cells

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7
Q

What are chromosomes composed of?

A

Histones and DNA

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8
Q

What is the structure of chromosomes in G2?

A

Chromosomes are unwound and consist of two daughter chromatids (2 DNA helices)

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9
Q

Cohesions

A

Rings that hold sister chromatids together

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10
Q

Codensins

A

Rings that compress DNA

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11
Q

Nuclear Lamins

A

Fragments the nuclear envelope to get it out of the way for division

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12
Q

In what phase of mitosis to chromosomes condense?

A

Prophase

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13
Q

In what phase of mitosis do spindle apparatus form?

A

Prophase

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14
Q

What is the role of the spindle apparatus?

A

To move and separate sister chromatids

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15
Q

What phase comes after Prophase?

A

Prometaphase

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16
Q

In what phase of mitosis does the nuclear envelope break down?

A

Prometaphase

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17
Q

Where do microtubules attach to chromatids?

A

Kinetochores

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18
Q

What are kinetochores?

A

Located on either side of the centromere. Where microtubules attach.

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19
Q

In what phase is the formation of the mitotic spindle complete?

A

Metaphase

20
Q

What phase comes after Prometaphase?

A

Metaphase

21
Q

In what phase of mitosis do chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate?

A

Metaphase - Each chromosome is held by microtubules from opposite plates

22
Q

What phase comes after Metaphase?

A

Anaphase

23
Q

In what phase of mitosis do cohesions holding sister chromatids together split apart?

A

Anaphase

24
Q

What phase comes after Anaphase?

A

Telophase

25
Q

In what phase of mitosis does a new nuclear envelope form around each new set of chromosomes?

A

Telophase

26
Q

In what phase of mitosis doe chromosomes decondense?

A

Telophase

27
Q

What step comes after Telophase?

A

Cytokinesis

28
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasm splits and 2 identical daughter cells are formed.

29
Q

Centromere

A

Where the two sister chromatids are joined after DNA replication

30
Q

What else is duplicated during interphase besides DNA?

A

Centrioles

31
Q

Where are centrioles located?

A

Inside centrosomes.

32
Q

What is the different between centromeres and centrosomes?

A

Centrosomes house centrioles and centromeres join sister chromatids

33
Q

How does cytokinesis in animal cells occur?

A

A cleavage furrow forms and a ring of microtubules at that size tightens like a drawstring.

34
Q

How does cytokinesis in plant cells occur?

A

Vesicles line up in the middle of the cell and fuse forming a cell plate. The cell plate becomes a wall between the two daughter cells.

35
Q

When do chromosomes become visable?

A

During prophase when chromatin fibres condense into discrete chromosomes.

36
Q

In what phase of mitosis are sister chromatids consider full-fledged chromosomes?

A

Anaphase

37
Q

During prophase a homologous pair of chromosomes consists of _____.

A

2 chromosomes and four chromatids

38
Q

What method to bacteria use to reproduce?

A

Binary Fission

39
Q

Progression through the cell cycle is regulated by oscillations in the concentration of which type of molecule?

A

Cyclins

40
Q

Epigentic Changes

A

Changes to histones that affect gene expression

41
Q

What is the consequences of DNA methylation?

A

Epigentic Changes

42
Q

Mitosis Promoting Factor

A

It has two distinct parts (2 polypeptides): cyclin and cyclindependent kinase (Cdk)

43
Q

Cdk

A

kinase, an enzyme that adds a PO4(P for short) from ATP to a protein. Phosphorylation typically activates or inactivates a protein – it activates mitosis proteins.

44
Q

When is Cdk active?

A

When bound to cyclin

45
Q

What protein is the tumor suppressor in G1?

A

p53 protein

46
Q

p53 Protein

A

auses the cell cycle or initiates apoptosis – programmed cell death – if the DNA is physically damaged.

47
Q

Ubiquitins

A

small protein that attach to the cyclin subunit and mark it for destruction by proteasomes

Biology 116 (16 decks)

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