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Cell biology > Cell cycle > Flashcards

Cell cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell cycle doctrine states “ “

-rudolf Virchow

A

“Every cell

comes from another cell.”

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2
Q 
Times of cell cycle
Early Frog embryo cells
Yeast cells
Intestinal epithelial cells
Mammalian fibroblasts in culture
Human liver cells
A 
30 minutes
1.5 - 3.0 hours
~12 hours
~20 hours
~1 year

Moral: cell division times vary greatly

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3
Q

Phases of the cell cycle, start with m

A

m –> G1 –> S –> G2 –> m

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4
Q

m phase:

A

Stands for mitosis

takes < 1 hr in mammals

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5
Q

cytokinesis:

A

Cytoplasmic division: occurs near end of the M phase

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6
Q

s phase:

A

Stands for synthesis
DNA synthesized
Requires 10-12 hrs

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7
Q

G1 and G2:

A

Both involve growth monitoring intracellular conditions

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8
Q

Interphase:

A

G1, S, G2. Requres ~23 hrs

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9
Q

G(0)

A

specialized resting state, lasts days - years.

Many cells will stay in G0 permanently.

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10
Q 
How far can a cell go and still pause?
prophase
pro-metaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
A

A cell can go to metaphase and still pause. Once the cell reaches anaphase it will divide.

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11
Q

Budding yeast:

A
  • Forms a bud to divide.
  • Bud will form after the start transition (G1-S transition).
  • Bud will continue to grow until it divides
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12
Q

Budding yeast are what genus species.

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

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13
Q

Fission yeast

A

Used in traditional brewing (pombe swahli word for beer)

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14
Q

Fission yeast are what genus species.

A

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

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15
Q

Bromodeoxyuridine is what?

Is used for what?

A

IT is a flourascent dye and a thymadine analogue.

It will incorporated into new DNA, so it can identify which cells are in the S phase.

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16
Q

Arrange in order of duration in that phase.

A

G1
G2
S
M

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17
Q

FACS (fluorescence activated cell sorter = FACS)

A
  • Cells given dye which stains DNA
  • ran through a flow cytometer.
  • Which stage of the cell cycle they are in is revealed
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18
Q 
Which questions are asked during
Start transition (G1-->S)
A

Is the environment favorable?

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19
Q

Which questions are asked during

G2/M transition

A

Is all DNA replicated?

Is the environment favorable?

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20
Q

Which questions are asked during

metaphase-to-anaphase transition?

A

Are all chromosomes attached to the spindle?

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21
Q

what does CCCS stand for?

A

The cell cycle control system.

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22
Q

Are CCCS protein actually involved in doing the work of dividing the cell?

A

NO

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23
Q

Evolutionary information of CCCS proteins.

A
  • are evolutionarily conserved in eukaryotes.

- They are over 1 billion years old!

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24
Q

CDK stands for

A

Cyclin dependant kinase

kinases which require cyclin to work.

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25
Q

What causes the rise and fall of cyclin?

A

The flow between synthesis and degradation of cyclin.

26
Q

While cyclin levels rise gradually, CDK activity increases ______. Once what has been reached?

A

Abruptly

The critical concentration of Cyclin

27
Q

why did injecting cytoplasm
from an oocyte in M-phase into an unfertilized oocyte
induce the latter to enter into mitosis?

A

Because the cytoplasm of the M phase oocyte had the appropriate cyclin levels to make the cell enter M phase.

28
Q

Frog oocytes are used for what reason?

Genus species.

A

They are large with lots of cytoplasm.

Xenopus Laevis.

29
Q

G1-CDK does what?

A

promote passage through check point

30
Q

G1/S-CDK does what?

A

Commits cell to DNA replication

31
Q

M-CDK does what?

A

Promotes events of mitosis

32
Q

S-CDK does what?

A

Required for initiation of DNA replicatoin

33
Q

Which cyclin is used by this Cdk?

G1-CDK

A

G1-CDK : cyclin D

34
Q

Which cyclin is used by this Cdk?

G1/S-CDK

A

G1-CDK : cyclin E

35
Q

Which cyclin is used by this Cdk?

S-CDK

A

G1-CDK : cyclin A

36
Q

Which cyclin is used by this Cdk?

M-CDK

A

G1-CDK : cyclin B

37
Q

Each Cdk-cyclin complex phosphorylates ______ ______ ______.

Substrates of Cdk phosphorylation _____
or _____ major events in the cell cycle.

A

different protein substrates

initiate, regulate

38
Q

Different Cdk-cyclin complexes are directed to different substrates by the _____ of the complex.

Different Cdk substrates may vary in ______ during the cell cycle.

A

cyclin component

availability

39
Q

What does CAK stand for?

What does CAK do?

A

CAK stands for Cyclin activating complex.

SOME Cyclin-Cdk complexes are only partially active. CAK phosphorylates them in order to activate them.

40
Q

M-CDK activity can be suppressed by what?

A

Phosphorylation by protein Kinase Wee1

41
Q

Dephosphorylation of M-CDK to activate it is performed by?

A

dephosphorylation by protein phosphatase Cdc25

42
Q

CKI stand for what?

A

Cdk- inhibitory proteins.

43
Q

What doe CKIs do?

A

They bind to CDKs suppressing their activity

44
Q

What is the primary control mechanism for regulation of Cdk activity?

A

Degradation of cyclin by proteasomes.

45
Q

Define Polyubiquitination.

A

Adding of multiple ubiquitins.

46
Q

Cyclin must be Polyubiquitinated in order to be destroyed. This happens systematically.

A

True.

47
Q

Proteasome:

A

-Large multimeric ATP dependent protein which digests proteins in the cytosol.

48
Q

Where in the proteasome is there actual protease activity?

A

In the center of the central 20S core proteasome. So protease activity is in the middle of the middle segment of the protease.

49
Q

There are 19S caps on each side of the 20S core. How many proteins do they consist of?

A

~20

50
Q

What is the function of the two 19S caps?

A

They selectively bind poly-ubiquitylated proteins.

They utilize ATP hydrolysis to unfold proteins and feed them into inner chamber for digestion into short peptides.

51
Q

proteasomes
constitute nearly ___% of cellular protein.

Meaning they are ______.

A

1

highly abundant.

52
Q

Proteasomes degrade ___% of newly synthesized proteins

A

33

How substantial

53
Q

Covalently tagging
proteins with
ubiquitin is called ______ or ______.

A

ubiquination

ubiquitylation

54
Q

What does the following ubiquination cause?
Monoubiquitylation:
Multipleubiquitylation:

A

Monoubiquitylation: a single ubiquitin
-histone regulation
Multipleubiquitylation: multiple single ubiquitins
-Endocytosis

55
Q

What does the following ubiquination cause?
Polyubiquitylation
- lys48:
- Lys63:

A
  • lys48: Proteasomal Degradation

- Lys63: DNA repair

56
Q

Explain the real names of the 3 enzymes involved in ubiquitylation.
E1
E2
E3

A

E1: Ubiquitin-activating enzyme
E2: Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme
E3: Ubiquitin ligase

57
Q

Explain the 3 enzymes involved in ubiquitylation.
E1
E2
E3

A

ATP is hydrolyzed to transfer ubiquitin onto E1 (Ubiquitin-activating enzyme),
E1 it to a thiol on E2 (Ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme)
E2 combines with an E3 (Ubiquitin ligase) and adds ubiquitins.

58
Q

Where in the E1, E2, E3 ubiquitylation process does enzymatic specificity occur?

A

E2 has several forms
E3 has many many forms

E2 and E3 decide specificity

59
Q

Where in the E1, E2, E3 ubiquitylation process does enzymatic specificity occur?

A

E2 has several forms
E3 has many many forms

E2 and E3 decide specificity

60
Q

Degron:

A

Degrons are built in signals in a protein which mark it for degradation by proteasomes.

61
Q

What does having a degron do for a protein?

A

It limits it’s ability to act. Giving it temporal precision.

62
Q

RGS4 is an example of what?

A

A degron. It is a gap for certain heterotrimeric G-proteins.

Cell biology (27 decks)

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