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Biology Exam Prep > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the cell theory?

A
  1. every living organism is made up of one or more cells.
  2. the smallest living organisms are single cells and cells are the fundamental units of multicellular organisms.
  3. all cells arise from preexisting cells.
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2
Q

what part of the cell theory will we be focusing on for this chapter?

A

all cells arise from preexisting cells.

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3
Q

how are new cells made?

A

new cells are made by the process of cell division.

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4
Q

cell division is an integral part of?

A

the cell cycle.

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5
Q

what is the cell cycle?

A

the cell cycle refers to the life of a cell from when it is formed until it divides to produce two daughter cells.

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6
Q

what is a crucial function of cell division?

A

to pass on identical genetic material to the new daughter cells.

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7
Q

what are some other functions of cell division?

A
  1. reproduction
  2. growth and development
  3. tissue renewal
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8
Q

what is the genetic material?

A

the genetic material is dna. dna is found in the nucleus in the form of double strands, helical, linear, and held together by hydrogen bonds.

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9
Q

each linear molecule is called?

A

a chromosome.

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10
Q

what is the genome?

A

the genome refers to all of the genetic information within a cell.

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11
Q

each eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of ?

A

chromosomes in each cells nucleus. humans have 46 chromosomes.

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12
Q

how many chromosomes are in the nucleus of a human somatic cell?

A

46 chromosomes.

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13
Q

what is a somatic cell?

A

a somatic cell is a non sex cell.

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14
Q

how many sets of chromosomes do humans have?

A

humans have 2 sets of chromosomes.
- one set (23) have come from the mother
- one set (23) have come from the father

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15
Q

a human somatic cell is haploid or diploid?

A

diploid because we have 2 sets of chromosomes.

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16
Q

what is a karyotype?

A

a karyotype is a visual ordered display of the chromosomes present in a somatic cell. it is used to screen for defective chromosomes and to screen for abnormal numbers of chromosomes.

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17
Q

how does dna fit into the nucleus?

A

the dna chromosomes are complexed with proteins called histones. this is known as chromatin.

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18
Q

before a cell divides into 2, it has to?

A

duplicate its chromosomes to ensure the new cell receives all of the genetic information.

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19
Q

prior to cell division, each cell has?

A

one copy of each chromosome: 46.

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20
Q

prior to cell division, all 46 chromosomes?

A

produce an identical copy of themselves.

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21
Q

after duplication, each chromosome is in the form of?

A

two sister chromatids but are still counted as one chromosome.

22
Q

what are cohesins?

A

cohesins are protein complexes that keep the two sister chromatids along their length.

23
Q

what is a centromere?

A

the centromere is the region where the sister chromatids are most closely associated.

24
Q

the cell cycle can be divided into?

A

4 phases which are: g1(1st gap), s(dna synthesis), g2(2nd gap), m(mitotic)

25
Q

what is mitosis?

A

mitosis is the division of genetic material

26
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A

cytokinesis is division of the cytoplasm

27
Q

how many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell in g2?

A

46

28
Q

some human cells divide every 24 hours, which kind?

A

skin cells.

29
Q

before mitosis and cytokinesis can occur?

A

the cell has to grow larger, make proteins, organelles, etc.

30
Q

the cell growing larger, making proteins, organelles, etc occurs when?

A

this is all done during interphase which includes: g1, s, g2.

31
Q

how long does each stage last?

A

g1: 5-6 hours
s: 10 hours and is the longest
g2: 4-6 hours
m: 1 hour and is the shortest

32
Q

90% of the cell cycle is?

A

interphase

33
Q

what happens in g1?

A

g1 phase is the preparatory phase where the cell grows, ensures its environment is favorable, and gets ready for dna synthesis in the next phase of the cycle. it is a critical phase for maintaining proper cell cycle regulation and preventing errors that can lead to issues like cancer.

34
Q

what happens in the g2 phase?

A
  • there is a nuclear envelope present.
  • there are one or more nucleoli.
  • chromosomes have duplicated but are not condensed.
  • the centrosomes have duplicated.
35
Q

what is a centrosome?

A
  • a centrosome is a structure present in the cytoplasm that contains centrioles.
  • located near the nucleus.
  • the function of centrioles are to organize the cells microtubules during the cell cycle
36
Q

what is a microtubule?

A

a microtubule is a hollow rod made up of the protein tubulin, found in the cytoskeleton.

37
Q

in the centrosome of an animal cell, there are a pair of?

A

centrioles that are made up of microtubules.

38
Q

what can the m phase be divided into?

A

the m phase can be divided into prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

39
Q

what happens in prophase?

A

after the g2 phase, they go into m phase and the first step is prophase.
- chromosomes are condensed and now visible.
- can be seen under a microscope.
- nucleoli disappear.
- centrosomes move away from eachother.
- spindle microtubules grow out of them forming the mitotic spindle.

40
Q

what is the mitotic spindle made of?

A

the mitotic spindle is made up of centrosomes and the microtubules that extend from them.

41
Q

what happens in prometaphase?

A
  • nuclear envelope disintegrates.
  • the chromosomes become even more condensed.
  • each of the two sister chromatids now have kinetochores.
42
Q

what is a kinetochore?

A

an assembly of proteins that associate with the dna at the centromere.

43
Q

during prometaphase, some microtubules..?

A

attach to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids. these are called kinetochore microtubules.

44
Q

what happens in metaphase?

A

centrosomes are at opposite ends of the cell.
- the centromeres of the chromosomes line up on the metaphase plate. all the kinetochores have a kinetochore microtubule attached.
- longest stage of mitosis

45
Q

what happens in anaphase?

A
  • Cohesins are cleaved which results in the two sister chromatids parting
  • Each separated chromatid is now an individual chromosome.
  • The chromatids are moved centromere first to the opposite ends of the cell by the kinetochore microtubules
    -The cell elongates
46
Q

how many chromosomes are there in a human cell following anaphase?

A

92

47
Q

what happens in telophase?

A
  • Two nuclei begin to form
  • The nuclear envelope starts to reform, nucleoli reappear
  • The chromosomes become less condensed
  • Spindle microtubules disassemble
  • Mitosis is now complete
48
Q

when does cytokinesis occur?

A

cytokinesis has been underway since late telophase. in animal cells, a cleavage furrow is formed which pinches the cell in two. in plant cells, no cleavage furrow because they have a cell wall, instead vesicles containing cell wall material move from the golgi along the microtubules of the middle of the cell and the vesicles fuse together to form a cell plate.

49
Q

how many chromosomes are in a human somatic cell in g1?

A

46

50
Q

what is the overall purpose of mitosis?

A

to produce new daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.

51
Q

what organisms does mitosis occur in?

A

eukaryotic organisms

52
Q

how many cells are produced at the end of a single mitotic division?

A

2

Biology Exam Prep (24 decks)

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