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A Level Biology > Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Cell Cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of nuclear division?

A

Mitosis, meiosis

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2
Q

What is chromatin?

A

More spread out form of DNA

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3
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A more condensed form of DNA

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4
Q

What is a centromere?

A

Attaches to genetically identical molecules made from DNA replication

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5
Q

What is a centriole?

A

Small hollow cylinders which form centrozones

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6
Q

What are centrosomes?

A

2 hollow cylinders orientated at right angles to one another and for a network of microtubules/ filaments (spindle fibres)

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7
Q

What are the three main stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase
Mitosis
Cytokinesis

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8
Q

What are the 3 stages of interphase?

A

G1, S G2

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9
Q

What happens during the G1 phase of interphase?

A
  • Growth of cell
  • duplication of organelles
  • Protein synthesis
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10
Q

What happens during the S phase of interphase

A

DNA replication

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11
Q

What happens during the G2 phase of interphase?

A
  • more growth
  • checking for errors in replicated DNA
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12
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

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13
Q

What happens during prophase of mitosis

A

The nuclear envelope disintergrates
The nucleolus disappears
Chromatin condenses (shortens/thickens) to form chromosomes
Centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell
Spindle fibres (microtubules) start to develop

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14
Q

What happens during the metaphase stage of mitosis?

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator (in the middle of the cell)
Attached to the spindle fibres by their centromeres

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15
Q

What happens during the Anaphase stage of mitosis?

A

Spindle fibres contract and shorten pulling sister chromatids apart and to opposite sides of the cell.
Centromeres divide in two separating each pair of sister chromatids
This appears v shaped

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16
Q

What happens during the Telophase stage of mitosis?

A

Chromatids reach opposite poles on spindle fibres - called chromosomes
Chromosomes decondeses to reform chromatin
Spindle fibres disintegrate
Nuclear envelope reforms around each group of chromosomes
Nucleolus reappears
Cleavage furrows form to begin cytokinesis

17
Q

What is a clevage furrow

A

When a cell pinches together to perform cytokinesis

18
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

The cytoplasm splits / divides to form 2 genetically identical daughter cells

19
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide

A

Binary fission

20
Q

Describe the process of binary fission

A
  • cell replicates it’s circular DNA and plasmids
  • the cell elongates and grows separating the DNA loops to opposite ends of the cell
  • cross walls from so membrane invaginate (fold in) and the cytoplasm divides
  • forms 2 daughter cells
21
Q

Why do we use logs when working out bacteria cell growth?

A

It helps us to compare data with a large range of values more accurately

22
Q

What type of process is mitosis?

A

It’s a gene controlled process

23
Q

What are the two types of genes which control mitosis?

A

Oncogenes
Tumour suppressor genes

24
Q

What do proto-oncogenes do when switched on?

A

Cause cell to divide

25
Q

If the proto-oncogene mutates to an oncogene what happen?

A

The oncogene becomes permanently switched on leading to uncontrolled cell division

26
Q

What is a TS gene

A

Tumour suppressor gene

27
Q

What will happen if a mutation of the TS gene occurs?

A

Leads to uncontrolled cell division and and tumour growth

28
Q

What is the function of a TS gene?

A

Slows down cell division ( helps maintain normal rates of cell division)

29
Q

What are cancer treatments directed at?

A

Controlling the rate of cell division by killing rapidly dividing cells through blocking parts of the cell cycle

30
Q

How does chemotherapy control rapidly dividing cells?

A

Prevents DNA replication,
Inhibits metaphase by preventing spindle fibres forming
Inhibits nucleotide synthesis

31
Q

What is the problem with cancer treatment like chemotherapy?

A

It can interfere with the cell cycle of normal cells which divide rapidly (causing damage)
For example hair producing cells = hair loss

A Level Biology (13 decks)

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