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MCB 150 > Cell Communication > Flashcards

Cell Communication Flashcards

1
Q

What recognizes the signal to the protein?

A

receptors

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2
Q

What is a cellular response?

A

the way a cells responds to a signal communicating a change

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3
Q

What role does glucose play in a yeast cell?

A

It acts as a signal that binds to the cell and tells it to increase glucose transporters to bring in glucose

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4
Q

What is it called when cell share information with each other?

A

cell-to-cell communication

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5
Q

Why are there different types of cell communication types?

A

the distance between cells

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6
Q

What are the 5 types of cellular signaling?

A

direct intercellular, contact-dependent, autocrine, paracrine, endocrine

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7
Q

What happens during direct intercellular signaling?

A

the cell junctions between adjacent cells allow them to pass ions/signaling molecules between their cytosols

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8
Q

What is contact-dependent signaling?

A

A receptor recognizes a membrane-bound signaling molecule of one cell on the surface of another cell

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9
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

A cell secretes signaling molecules that bind to its own cell surface and the surface of neighboring cells of the same cell type

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10
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

A cell secretes a signaling molecule (does not affect itself) that affects the target cells close to them

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11
Q

What signals do not last long?

A

autocrine and paracrine a

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12
Q

What type of signaling are neurotransmitters?

A

paracrine signals

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13
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

molecules made in neurons that transmit a signal to an adjacent cell

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14
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

the signals (hormones) are secreted into the bloodstream to reach target cells; can affect all cells in the body/those far away

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15
Q

What are the 3 steps to cell signaling

A

receptor activation, signal transduction, and cellular response

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16
Q

What happens during receptor activation?

A

a signaling molecule binds to a receptor of the target cells causing a conformational change to active its function

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17
Q

What happens during signal transduction?

A

the initial signal is converted into another signal inside the cell

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18
Q

How do cells respond to signals? (3 ways)

A

Altering the activity (de/activate) of enzymes, changing the function of structural proteins, and affecting transcription factors

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19
Q

What are transcription factors?

A

Proteins that regulate the transcription of genes and sometimes activate gene expression

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20
Q

What is a ligand?

A

a signaling molecule

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21
Q

Is the binding of receptors and the ligand very specific?

A

Yes very specific, so that only the receptor recognizes a specific ligand

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22
Q

What is a ligand-receptor complex?

A

noncovalent binding of the ligand and receptor

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23
Q

Do receptors alter the structure of ligands?

A

No, ligands alter the structure of receptors (conformational change) which helps that receptor initiate a cellular response

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24
Q

The binding of a ligand to a receptor is reversible. What does that mean?

A

the ligand and receptor will dissociate, deactivating the receptor

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25
Q

What is a cell surface receptor?

A

a receptor in the plasma membrane that allows the cell to respond to extracellular signaling molecules

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26
Q

Why do signaling molecules need cell surface receptors?

A

Because most signaling molecules are hydrophilic or large molecules that can’t pass the plasma membrane

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27
Q

What are the 3 types of cell surface receptors?

A

enzyme-linked receptors, G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), and ligand-gated ion channels

28
Q

How do enzyme-linked receptors work?

A

A signaling molecule binds to an extracellular domain and a conformational change affects the intracellular domain to become active

29
Q

What is a protein kinase?

A

enzymes that transfer a phosphate group from ATP to an amino acid

30
Q

What do most enzyme-linked receptors function as?

A

protein kinases phosphorylating itself or intracellular proteins

31
Q

How do GPCRs work?

A

GPCRs interact w/ intracellular G proteins, the G protein releases GDP and binds to GTP causing the G protein to dissociate into alpha subunit and B/Y dimer

32
Q

What are G proteins?

A

a lipid-anchored protein that binds to GTP and GDP

33
Q

How do ligand-gated ion channels work?

A

ligands bind to the receptor allowing the ion channel to open and ions to flow through

34
Q

What happens if there is an extracellular (outside cell) signaling molecule that has a receptor inside?

A

The signaling molecule will diffuse the plasma membrane to reach its receptor

35
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinases are a type of…..

A

enzyme-linked receptors

36
Q

What does a tyrosine kinase phosphorylate?

A

phosphorylates tyrosines within a specific motif (sequence of amino acids) on any protein displaying that motif

37
Q

What is a growth factor?

A

a signaling molecule that promotes cells division

38
Q

What is (EGF) epidermal growth factor?

A

a signaling molecule that stimulates epidermal cells to divide

39
Q

What is the cell signaling process for EGF?

A

secreted from endocrine cells–>goes through bloodstream–> binds to receptor tyrosine kinases/ EGF receptor

40
Q

What are the (3) parts of the signal transduction pathway?

A

relay protein activates protein kinase cascade, protein kinase cascade phosphorylates intracellular proteins, the phosphorylated transcription factors stimulate gene transcription

41
Q

How is the EGF receptor activated?

A

2 EGF subunits each bind to a molecule of EGF, this causes the subunits to combine and phosphorylate each other in tyrosines within the receptors activating the EGF receptor

42
Q

How do the relay proteins work for the EGF pathway?

A

the phosphorylated EGF receptor is recognized by Grb (starting pathway)–>Grb (conformation change)–>Sos (ch) activation causes Ras to release GDP and bind to GTP activating Ras

43
Q

What do the relay proteins (EFG pathway) activate

A

the protein kinase cascade

44
Q

How many proteins are in the protein kinase cascade?

A

3 activated Ras–>Raf–>Mek–>Erk

45
Q

What is an advantage of the protein kinase cascade?

A

Signal amplification, greater cellular response

46
Q

What is the cellular response to the EFG pathway?

A

Erk phosphorylates transcription factors that stimulate the transcription of genes that promote cell division

47
Q

What is a first messenger?

A

Extracellular signaling molecules that bind to the cell surface receptors

48
Q

What are second messengers?

A

small molecules that relay signals inside the cell, the signals are short

49
Q

What is adenylyl cyclase?

A

an enzyme that when bound to an alpha subunit of a G protein synthesizes cAMP from ATP

50
Q

What is cAMP or cyclic AMP

A

a second messenger synthesized from adenylyl cyclase and ATP

51
Q

Explain the signal transduction pathway with GPCR and epinephrine

A

epinephrine binds to its receptor and activates a G protein, the alpha subunit activates adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP which activates PKA

52
Q

What is PKA?

A

protein kinase A, which activates a cellular response

53
Q

How does PKA lead to a cellular response?

A

the catalytic subunit of PHA phosphorylates a cellular protein that influences the structure and function of the cell

54
Q

What enzymes does PKA activate?

A

phosphorylase kinase and glycogen synthase

55
Q

What does phosphorylase kinase do?

A

it phosphorylates glycogen phosphorylase, which causes glycogen to breakdown into glucose and phosphate

56
Q

What does glycogen synthase do?

A

synthesize glycogen

57
Q

What role does cAMP play in glycogen synthesis?

A

It inhibits synthesis

58
Q

What effect does the epinephrine signal have on energy?

A

It stimulates glycogen breakdown and stops glycogen synthesis to provide more glucose to cells for energy

59
Q

What does phosphodiesterase do?

A

convert cAMP to AMP

60
Q

What does protein phosphatase do?

A

remove phosphate groups from protein reversing the effects of PKA

61
Q

What are 2 advantages of second messengers?

A

amplifying the cellular response and it is faster because they are small and water soluble

62
Q

What is crosstalk?

A

when one or more components of one transduction pathway affect a different signal transduction pathway

63
Q

Why does a signal have diverse responses throughout the body?

A

genes are turned off or on in certain parts of the body leading to a different proteome (protein)

64
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

programmed cell death

65
Q

In what ways can apoptosis cause disease?

A

cell not dying- cancer cells dying too much- HIV and neurodegenerative disease

66
Q

What is the extrinsic pathway?

A

A pathway for apoptosis that has a death receptor on the cells surface

67
Q

What is the intrinsic pathway or mitochondrial pathway?

A

An apoptosis pathway stimulated by DNA damage

MCB 150 (7 decks)

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