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My Packs: Science (Biology Olympiad) > (Cell) Cell Components > Flashcards

(Cell) Cell Components Flashcards

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1
Q

Structure of nucleus (2)

A

Surrounded by nuclear envelope (double membrane) perforated by nuclear pores
Nuclear envelope continuous with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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2
Q

Function of nucleus (3)

A

Houses chromosomes
Contains nucleoli
Pores regulate entry and exit of materials

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3
Q

What are chromosomes made out of?

A

Chromatin

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4
Q

What is chromatin comprised of? (3)

A

DNA, the genetic material and proteins

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5
Q

What is made in the nucleoli?

A

Ribosomal subunits

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6
Q

Structure of ribosome (2)

A

Two subunits made of ribosomal RNA and proteins

Can be free in cytosol or bound to ER

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7
Q

Function of ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis

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8
Q

Structure of endoplasmic reticulum(ER) (3)

A

Extensive network of membrane-bounded tubules and sacs
Membrane separates lumen from cytosol
Continuous with the nuclear envelope

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9
Q

Function of the smooth ER (4)

A

Synthesis of lipids
Metabolism of carbohydrates
Ca2+ storage
Detoxification of drugs and poisons

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10
Q

Function of the rough ER (3)

A

Aids in synthesis of secretory and other proteins from bound ribosomes
Adds carbohydrates to glycoproteins
Produces new membrane

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11
Q

Structure of golgi apparatus (2)

A 
Stacks of flattened membranous sacs
Has polarity (cis and trans faces)
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12
Q

Function of golgi apparatus (3)

A

Modification of proteins, carbohydrates on proteins, and phospholipids
Synthesis of many polysaccharides
Sorting of Golgi products, which are then released in vesicles

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13
Q

Structure of lysosome

A

Membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes

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14
Q

What cells of lysosomes present in?

A

Animal cells

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15
Q

Function of lysosome

A

Breakdown of ingested substances, cell macromolecules, and damaged organelles for recycling

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16
Q

Structure of vacuole

A

Large membrane-bounded vesicle

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17
Q

Function of vacuole (6)

A 
Digestion
Storage
Waste disposal
Water balance
Cell growth
Protection
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18
Q

Structure of mitochondrion (2)

A

Bounded by double membrane

Inner membrane has infoldings

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19
Q

What are the infoldings of the inner membrane in the mitochondrion known as?

A

Cristae

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20
Q

Function of mitochondrion

A

Cellular respiration

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21
Q

Structure of chloroplast

A

Typically two membranes around fluid stroma, which contains membranous thylakoids stacked into grana

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22
Q

What cells have chloroplasts?

A

Plant cells

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23
Q

Function of chloroplast

A

Photosynthesis

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24
Q

Structure of peroxisome

A

Specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane

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25
Q

Function of peroxisome

A

Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen to water, producing hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) as a by-product, which is converted to water by other enzymes in the peroxisome

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26
Q

What is the “information central” of the cell?

A

Nucleus

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27
Q

What is the “protein factories” of the cell?

A

Ribosomes

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28
Q

What is the “biosynthetic factory” of the cell?

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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29
Q

What is the “shipping and receiving center” of the cell?

A

Golgi apparatus

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30
Q

What is the “digestive compartments” of animal cells?

A

Lysosomes

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31
Q

What is the “diverse maintenance compartments” of cells?

A

Vacuoles

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32
Q

What is the “chemical energy conversion” organelle of cells?

A

Mitochondria

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33
Q

What is the “capture of light energy” organelle of plant cells?

A

Chloroplasts

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34
Q

What is the “oxidation” organelle of cells?

A

Peroxisomes

35
Q

What is the netlike array of protein filaments that maintains the shape of the nucleus by mechanically supporting the nuclear envelope?

A

Nuclear lamina

36
Q

What does rRNA stand for?

A

Ribosomal RNA

37
Q

What does mRNA stand for?

A

Messenger RNA

38
Q

What is rRNA synthesized?

A

Nucleolus

39
Q

What is the difference between free and bound ribosomes?

A

Free ribosomes are suspended in the cytosol

Bound ribosomes are attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope

40
Q

What are the two main organelles of the the cell’s genetic instructions?

A

Nucleus and ribosomes

41
Q

What is the endomembrane system responsible for? (3)

A

Synthesis of proteins and their transport into membranes and organelles or out of the cell
Metabolism and movement of lipids
Detoxification of poisons

42
Q

What are glycoproteins?

A

Proteins that have carbohydrates covalently bonded to them

43
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

A network of fibres extending throughout the cytoplasm

44
Q

What are three properties of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules (Tubulin Polymers)
Microfilaments (Actin Filaments)
Intermediate Filaments

45
Q

Structure and Diameter of Microtubules

A

Hollow tubes; wall consists of 13 columns of tubulin molecules
25 nm with 15-nm lumen

46
Q

Structure and Diameter of Microfilaments

A

Two intertwined strands of actin, each a polymer of actin subunits
7 nm

47
Q

Structure and Diameter of Intermediate Filaments

A

Fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables

8-12 nm

48
Q

Protein subunits of Microtubules

A

Tubulin, a dimer consisting of alpha-tubulin and beta-tubulin

49
Q

Protein subunits of Microfilaments

A

Actin

50
Q

Protein subunits of Intermediate Filaments

A

One of several different proteins of the keratin family, depending on cell type

51
Q

Main functions of Microtubules (4)

A

Maintenance of cell shape (compression-resisting “girders”)
Cell motility (as in cilia or flagella)
Chromosome movements in cell division
Organelle movements

52
Q

Main functions of Microfilaments (6)

A

Maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing elements)
Changes in cell shape
Muscle contraction
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cell motility (as in pseudopodia)
Cell division (cleavage furrow formation)

53
Q

Main function of Intermediate Filaments (3)

A

Maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing elements)
Anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles
Formation of nuclear lamina

54
Q

Where do microtubules grow out of?

A

Centrosome

55
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

A region that is often located near the nucleus and is considered a “microtubule-organizing center”

56
Q

What is within the centrosome?

A

A pair of centrioles

57
Q

What are centrioles composed of?

A

Nine sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring

58
Q

What is singular version of flagella and cilia?

A

Flagellum and Cilium

59
Q

Flagella vs. Cilia motion

A

Flagella has an undulating motion that generates force in the same direction as the flagella’s axis
Cilia work more like oars, with alternating power and recovery strokes generating force in a direction perpendicular to the cilia’s axis

60
Q

What is the outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell called?

A

Cortex

61
Q

What protein is responsible for the bending movements of the organelle?

A

Dyneins

62
Q

What are the thicker filaments interdigitated with the actin filaments made of?

A

A protein: Myosin

63
Q

Localized contraction brought about by actin and myosin also plays a role in what?

A

Amoeboid movement

64
Q

An amoeba mauve’s by extending and flowing in cellular extensions called:

A

Pseudopodia

65
Q

What extracellular structure distinguishes an animal cell from a plant cell?

A

Plant cells have cell walls

66
Q

Young plant cell first secretes a relatively thin and flexible wall called:

A

Primary wall

67
Q

What is between the primary walls of adjacent cells?

A

Middle lamella

68
Q

What is the middle lamella?

A

A thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides

69
Q

What are the sticky polysaccharides in the middle lamella known as?

A

Pectins

70
Q

Some cells add what between the plasma membrane and primary wall?

A

Secondary cell wall

71
Q

What elaborate structure do animal cells have?

A

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

72
Q

What is the main ingredients of the ECM?

A

Glycoproteins

73
Q

What is the most abundant glycoprotein in the ECM in most animal cells?

A

Collagen

74
Q

What are collagen fibers are embedded in?

A

A network woven from proteoglycans

75
Q

Some cells are attached to the ECM by still other ECM glycoproteins, such as:

A

Fibronectin

76
Q

Fibronectin and other ECM proteins bind to cell surface receptor proteins called:

A

Integrins

77
Q

Cell walls are perforated with channels called what?

A

Plasmodesmata

78
Q

What are the three main types of intercellular junctions in animal cells?

A

Tight junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions

79
Q

Describe a tight junction and give an example

A

The plasma membranes of neighbouring cells are very tightly pressed against each other, bound together by specific proteins
Forms continuous seals around the cells, prevent leakage of extracellular fluid across a layer of epithelial cells
E.x. Tight junctions between skin cells

80
Q

Describe a desmosome and give an example

A

Function like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets
Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins anchor desmosomes in the cytoplasm
E.x. Attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle

81
Q

What is a desmosome also known as?

A

Anchoring junctions

82
Q

Describe a gap junction and give an example

A

Provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell and in this way are similar in their function to the plasmodesmata in plants
Consist of membrane proteins that surround a pore through which ions, sugars, amino acids, and other small molecules may pass
E.x. Necessary for communication between cells in many types of tissues, including heat muscle, and in animal embryos

83
Q

What is a gap junction also known as?

A

Communicating junctions

My Packs: Science (Biology Olympiad) (14 decks)

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