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p Biology paper 1 revision > Cell Biology - Cell structure > Flashcards

Cell Biology - Cell structure Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of cells are eukaryotic?

A

Plants, animals, protists and fungi.

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2
Q

How big are eukaryotic cells?

A

10-100 micrometres.

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3
Q

What are the properties of eukaryotic cells?

A
  • Unicellular = single-celled.

- Have DNA that forms chromosomes in a nucleus.

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4
Q

What type of cell is prokaryotic?

A

Bacteria.

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5
Q

How big are prokaryotic cells?

A

0.1-5 micrometres.

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6
Q

What are the properties of prokaryotic cells?

A

-Small rings of DNA called plasmids.
-Unicellular = single celled.
-Single DNA loop in cytoplasm (where DNA is stored).
-No mitochondria or chloroplasts.
No nucleus.

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7
Q

What sub-cellular structures do prokaryotic cells have?

A
  • Cell wall.
  • Cytoplasm.
  • Cell membrane.
  • Flagellum.
  • Bacterial DNA loop.
  • Plasmid DNA rings.
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8
Q

What do all plant and animal cells have?

A
  • Cell membrane.
  • Nucleus.
  • Mitochondria.
  • Ribosomes.
  • Cytoplasm.
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9
Q

What sub-cellular structures do all plant cells have that animal cells don’t?

A
  • Permanent vacuole.
  • Chloroplasts.
  • Cell wall.
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10
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what substances move in and out of the cell.

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11
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains the cells DNA.

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12
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis.

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13
Q

What is the function of mitochondria?

A

Where energy is released through aerobic respiration.

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14
Q

What is the function of cytoplasm?

A

Jelly like substance where chemical reactions take place.

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15
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Stores water and contains cell sap.

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16
Q

What is the function of chloroplasts?

A

Contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis.

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17
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Made of cellulose, which strengthens the cell.

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18
Q

When do animal cells differentiate?

A

Early on in their development.

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19
Q

When do plant cells differentiate?

A

All throughout its lifetime.

20
Q

What are the 3 steps of taking plant cuttings for plant cells to differentiate?

A

-Cut small section off a plant stem.
Plant the cut section.
-Some cells differentiate and create a new root tissue.

21
Q

Why do animal’s cells divide?

A
  • Replace cells.

- Repair tissues.

22
Q

What is the function of the specialised sperm cell?

A

Fertilise an egg.

23
Q

How are sperm cells adapted?

A
  • Tail to swim to egg.
  • Acrosome at tip of head (contains enzyme to penetrate egg).
  • Half DNA of organisms genetic material.
  • Mitochondria for energy to swim to egg.
24
Q

What is the function of the specialised red blood cell?

A

To transport oxygen around the body.

25
Q

How are red blood cells adapted?

A
  • No nucleus- more room for oxygen.

- Contains haemoglobin that binds to oxygen molecules.

26
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

When a cell gains new sub-cellular structures in order to perform a specific function. The cell them becomes specialised.

27
Q

What is the function of the specialised muscle cell?

A

To contract and relax to allow movement.

28
Q

How are muscle cells adapted?

A
  • Contains protein fibres that can contract to allow movement.
  • Contains mitochondria to release energy.
29
Q

What is the function of the specialised nerve cell?

A

To carry electrical impulses around the body.

30
Q

How are nerve cells adapted?

A
  • Have a long axon to increase the distance electrical signals can travel.
  • Have dendrites (branched endings) to make connections with other neurones.
  • Myelin sheath insulates the axon and stops electrical nerve signals leaking out the cell, increasing the transmission speed of the electrical impulses.
31
Q

What are gaps between neurones called?

A

Synapses.

32
Q

What is the function of the specialised root hair cell?

A

To absorb mineral ions and water from the soil.

33
Q

How are root hair cells specialised?

A
  • Long projections that increase the surface area that the plant can use to absorb more water and minerals.
  • Mitochondria to release energy for the active transport of mineral ions.
34
Q

What is the function of the specialised palisade cell?

A

To enable photosynthesis in the leaf.

35
Q

How are palisade cells adapted?

A
  • Lots of chloroplasts containing chlorophyll to absorb light energy.
  • Located at top of surface of leaf to absorb the most light energy.
36
Q

What is the equation to find magnification?

A

Magnification= image size / actual size

37
Q

What does magnification tell us?

A

How many times larger an image seen through a microscope is compared to the real object.

38
Q

Define resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two or more objects that are close together.

39
Q

What do light cells allow us to do?

A

Distinguish between types of cells.

40
Q

What do electron microscopes allow us to see?

A

Sub-cellular structures - ribosomes, mitochondria etc.

41
Q

What are advantages of light microscopes?

A
  • Cheap.

- Living samples can be seen.

42
Q

What are the disadvantages of light microscopes?

A
  • Low magnification.

- Low resolution.

43
Q

How do light microscopes work?

A

Uses light to form images.

44
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • High magnification.

- High resolution.

45
Q

What are the disadvantages of electron microscopes?

A
  • Samples cannot be living.

- Expensive.

46
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

Uses a beam of electrons to form images.

47
Q

What are the steps of completing a light microscope experiment?

A

1 Put a thin sample of tissue onto a microscope slide.
2 Add a few drops of suitable dye/stain.
3 Place a coverslip on top of the tissue and place the slide onto the microscope stage.
4 Use the objective lens with the lowest magnification and focus on the sample.
5 Increase the magnification and refocus to see different features of the cell.

p Biology paper 1 revision (6 decks)

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