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POM UNC > Cell Biology - Cell Organelles & Function > Flashcards

Cell Biology - Cell Organelles & Function Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the kreb’s cycle occur (specifically)?

A

Within the mitochondria, on the inner membrane (stuff goes to and from the intermembrane space and the inner matrix)

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2
Q

What are four basic types of tissues?

A

Epithelium, nerve, connective (bone and other support structures), muscle tissue

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3
Q

Does the nucleolus have a membrane?

A

No! just a dense area of genetic material, often evidence for ribosomal RNA production

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4
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

Produce heat and energy!

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5
Q

Where does mitochondrial DNA come from?

A

From the mitochondria, not from the nucleus! Although there are some mitochondrial proteins that come from the nuclear DNA. Mitochondria come straight from the mom’s oocyte.

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6
Q

What is the lipid bilayer mostly composed of?

A

Cholesterol, lipids (fatty acid tails, glycerol/nitrogenous/phosphate head), proteins

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7
Q

What are brown fat cells?

A

Body can produce heat (rather than energy, so basically less efficient metabolism) from brown fat cells!

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8
Q

How do lipid-heavy regions look in microscope images?

A

Clearer, whiter stains because lipids don’t hold dye as well.

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9
Q

What types of cells use the most ATP?

A

Cells that do a lot of secretion and excretion and absorption. Cells that replicate rapidly. Cells that transport a lot of signals. Cells that organize macroscopic movement.

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10
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

DNA that is “open”, available for transcription factors to bind and initiate transcription. Appears lighter in color in the light microscope

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11
Q

what is heterochromatin?

A

Condensed DNA that is “closed” and not available for transcription factors to bind. Appears darker in the light microscope

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12
Q

What are the 2 functions of the golgi apparatus?

A

to process and package proteins produced by the rough endoplasmic reticulum, followed by shipping those proteins in golgi vessicles to wherever they need to go (often out of the cell or to the cell membrane). The golgi apparatus also recycles and reuses unused membranes from around the cell

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13
Q

What do free ribosomes do?

A

Free ribosomes produce protoeins that do not need to be transported to another location inside, or outside, of the cell.

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14
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

The nuclear envelope is a double lipid membrane that keeps the nucleus separate from the rest of the cell. The double membrane is not contiuous, but has intentional gaps, called nuclear pores, to allow RNA products out of the cell

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15
Q

What does a nucleolus represent?

A

A nucleolus is a dense region of genetic information. Often represents manufacture of ribosomal RNA

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16
Q

What are secretory granules?

A

Secretory granules are bags of stored enzymes or proteins that can be used for blood clotting, digestion, or other processes that require environment-driven responses

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17
Q

Draw a cell. What are all of the typical components?

A

Nucleus, Free Ribosomes, Rough ER, Smooth ER, Microtubules, Centrioles, plasma membrane, mitochondria, golgi apparatus, perioxosomes, lysosomes, secretory granules, vacuoles, pinocytotic vesicles

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18
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of?

A

Lipids bilayer: Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Cholesterol
Proteins: Integral proteins for signalling
Carbohydrates: only on the extracellular side. They provide cushioning/protection for the cell (glycocalyx) and cell recognition

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19
Q

What happens when cholesterol is absent in the lipid bilayer?

A

No cholesterol means membrane will be more fluid and will be porous and die. Cholesterol is bidirectional, so low temps it has opposite effect than at high temps

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20
Q

What do saturated fatty acids do to the lipid bilayer?

What about unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated pack closely, decrease fluidity but make membrane non-porous
Unsaturated allow for extra flexibility, literally, but also for flexibility to sustain through different temperatures

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21
Q

What are the components of a lipid in the bilayer membrane?

A 
Polar head (nitrogenous or other head, phosphate bridge, glycerol)
Non polar fatty acid tail (usually two tails, can be saturated or unsaturated)
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22
Q

What are proteins for in the lipid membrane?

A

Signalling, interact with extracellular molecules, allow transport of ions through the membrane, cell adhesion molecules (integrins, adherins), transport

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23
Q

What is apoptosis?

A

Mediated cell death (absent in cancer)

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24
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Removal of materials, or transport of materials, from inside the cell to outside the cell

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25
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

Process of bringing external factors into the cell.

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26
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

intentional cell “Eating” something from outside the cell

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27
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

random sampling of the extracellular fluid and any materials in it. Pinocytotic vesicles capture fluid/molecules from outside and bring it in within a membrane

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28
Q

What is passive transport?

A

Transport of ions or molecules along a concentration gradient (from outside to inside the cell, across a membrane, etc.)

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29
Q

What is active transport?

A

Transport of ions against a concentration gradient (requires energy, usually in the form of ATP)

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30
Q

What is facilitated transport?

A

Passive transport of molecules, but THROUGH a specific protein or transport channel.

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31
Q

What is the plasmalemma-cytoskeleton association?

A

Plasmalemma (membrane) interacts with the cytoskeleton and extracellular environment through integrins. Extracellular domain of integrin bind to extracellular matrix components, intracellular domain binds to cytoskeletal components (microtubules, filaments)

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32
Q

What are mitochondria?

A

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell. They use the electron transport chain (kreb’s cycle) to generate ATP from the breakdown of glucose?

33
Q

What part of the cell provides heat/energy?

A

Mitochondria!

34
Q

Where does the kreb’s cycle occur (specifically)?

A

On the inner membrane, between the inner matrix and the intermembrane space in the mitochondria

35
Q

What do lysosomes do?

A

They breakdown materials, kind of like the trashcan of the cell.

36
Q

What is the pH of the internal environment of the lysoome?

A

5! Very acidic, compared to the rest of the cell. This is good for breaking things down, but it’s bad if the lysosome ever lyses and breaks apart.

37
Q

What is cytochrome C? Where does it show up?

A

cytochrome C is used in the kreb’s cycle to generate ATP

38
Q

What is cytochrome P450? Where does it show up?

A

cytochrome p450 is used in smooth ER, often in liver, to pull toxins or junk out of the filtrate and back into the body so it can be broken down

39
Q

What does apical mean?

A

top of cell (when one side of the cell is facing a cavity)

40
Q

How can you tell which side of a cell is apical?

A

if it has microvilli or structures associated with a cavity in the body

41
Q

What does basal mean?

A

bottom of cell, lowest layer

42
Q

What is the mutant protein in cystic fibrosis? How does it lead to symptoms?

A

Cystic Fibrosis transductance regulator. Passes chlorine across the cell membrane. Without chlorine in the cells you’re not able to digest fats as well, so you need to eat way more and are usually less energetic. The CFTR also causes your mucus layer in the lungs to be huge, which increases risk of infection (bacteria can hang out and grow). Your skin is salty because when you sweat you can’t pull chlorine and sodium back into the body.

43
Q

Is the nucleolus surrounded by a membrane?

A

No!

44
Q

How would you distinguish a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryotic has a nucleus, prokaryotic does not (its DNA will just be floating around). Eukaryotic often has more organelles. Prokaryotic could have a cell wall, eukaryotic does not.

45
Q

What does the smooth ER do in muscle?

A

Smooth ER in muscle, also called the sarcoplasmic reticulum, manages calcium ion movement into and out of the muscle.

46
Q

What does smooth ER do in the ovaries, testis, and adrenal glands?

A

These are all steroid producing centers in the body. Smooth ER is involved in lipid and lipoprotein synthesis.

47
Q

What does the smooth ER do in hepatocytes?

A 
Carbohydrate metabolism (glycogen stores broken down to glucose in times of starvation/energy need)
Degradation of lipid-soluble drugs and alcohol (through cytochrome p450)
48
Q

What are hepatocytes?

A

Liver cells

49
Q

Where do mitochondrial proteins come from?

A

Some proteins are made from mitochondrial RNA, some are made from nuclear RNA. So mitochondria is not fully independent

50
Q

Where does the mitochondria come from?

A

The mitochondria is passed down from a mom’s oocyte directly to her children. So if there’s a mutation in the oocyte’s mitochondria you end up with a ton of mutant expression in the child. Mitochondria have their own DNA, tRNA, rRNA, etc. so they are mostly independent of the cell.

51
Q

In what cells are mitochondria visible under a light microscope?

A

Most cells with secretion, absorption, or energy-intensive functions. Secretory cells like the parietal cells use a ton of energy to make and secrete hydrochloric acid, so they’ll have a bunch of mitochondria. Same thing with muscle.

52
Q

In what cells is the rough ER visible?

A

Neurons! Spinal-motor neuron needs rough ER to make all the proteins (neurotransmitters) that it needs for signalling

53
Q

Where does lipid digestion occur?

A

In the small intestine by cells known as enterocytes. They break lipids into chylomicrons which are then packaged into lacteals and transported through the blood.

54
Q

What vitamins need fats to be digested?

A

Vitamin E and D are fat soluble so they require fat reserves to be made soluble and digestible.

55
Q

What is a vacuole?

A

a small membrane bound package, basically a storage unit. They can be used to store harmful pathogens, waste, water, storing acidic molecules to regulate cellular pH, storing fats. Vacuoles can be made from the fusion of lysosomes. Vacuoles are involved in autophagy (recycling of cell components). In animals, vacuoles are heavily involved in endocytosis and exocytosis.

56
Q

What is a lysosome?

A

Lysosomes are membrane bound organelles with an acidic environment, containing hydrolytic enzymes (hydrolysis is the break down of molecules through a reaction with water) that can break down basically all types of molecules. Lysosomes break bad or unwanted things down

57
Q

What are peroxisomes?

A

Kind of like lysosomes, but visually differ by having a crystalloid core. Contains enzymes for oxidation (perOXI) of long chain fatty acids, synthesis of cholesterol, detoxification of ethanol

58
Q

What is a zymogen? What are some examples of zymogens?

A

A zymogen is a protein/enzyme which is not active until it is activated by another enzyme. Pepsinogen becomes pepsin after modification in the small intestine. Prothrombin becomes thrombin, becomes fibrin, for stopping blood clots.

59
Q

What happens when your pancreas-produced zymogens activate early?

A

Pancreatitis: zymogens will become actively hydrolysing enzymes, which will break down pancreas tissue instead of the food you’re trying to digest.

60
Q

What are microtubules?

A

Microtubules are long hollow tubes, made of tubulin dimers organized into 13 fibers. microtubules have microtubules-associated-proteins which bind microtubules to other parts of the cell and help with overall structural support. Kinesin and Dynein are motor proteins that use microtubules as a base to get around the cell. Microtubules help with cell shape, transport of proteins throughout cell, and with the formation of cellular movement mechanisms like flagella and cilia.

61
Q

What are centrioles?

A

centriole is a cylindrical tube of tubulin, a set of 9 microtubule triplets (so a bunch of microtubules that come together) that plays a big role in cell division. centrioles organize the mitotic spindles and guarantee that right number of chromosomes end up in each daughter cell.

62
Q

What are intermediate filaments?

A

intermediate filaments provide mechanical strength to the cell. intermediate filaments do not require energy for assembly which is cool. They’re bigger than actin filaments but smaller than microtubules.

63
Q

What is actin?

A

Actin filaments(seen in muscles with myosin!) are small filaments made of globular actin. Actin is abundant at the periphery of cells where they are anchored to the plasma membrane. Actin is used to interact with the extracellular matrix, move nonmuscle cells around, create the contractile ring (thing that splits cells in half during division).

64
Q

What is ataxia?

A

loss of control of body movements/balance

65
Q

What is neuropathy?

A

weakness, numbness, tingling in peripheral body parts

66
Q

What organelle’s failure is associated with imbalance and muscle weakness?

A

Mitochondria or other organelles heavily involved in energy production process.

67
Q

Why do hepatocytes have a lot of smooth ER?

A

smooth ER is used in part to process junk that’s pulled out of the liver’s filtrate. More smooth ER provides more cytochrome p450 and other molecules to deal with tricky or toxic or just unwanted molecules

68
Q

Where does membrane recycling occur?

A

Golgi apparatus!

69
Q

What are basophilic tissues? How are they identified in light microscopes?

A

basophilic means base-loving. basophilic tissues are base loving tissues. they’ll bind to positively charged dyes.

70
Q

What are acidophilic tissues? How are they identified in light microscopes?

A

acidophilic tissues love acids. acidophilic tissues will bind to negatively charged dyes.

71
Q

Why is fat a different color than muscle in stained microscope images?

A

fat doesn’t hold the stain as effectively as muscle, so it will be paler, or not stained, but muscle will be a dark pink or purple

72
Q

What is the mechanism of apoptosis?

A

intrinsic pathway: mitochondria is targeted to be killed, cell dies shortly after. caspases, normally repressed, are signaled to be released. caspases eat things in the cell and cause degradation.

extrinsic pathway: TNF receptor protein on cell membrane is activated, initiates cell death

73
Q

How are molecules transported across the plasma membrane?

A

Active transport, passive transport, facilitated transport, secondary active transport, phagocytosis, pinocytosis

74
Q

What are aquaporins?

A

Aquaporins are protein transport channels that allow for the rapid transport of water across a plasma membrane

75
Q

What are carrier proteins?

A

integral proteins in the cell membrane that help with facilitated (passive) or active transport. Usually carrier proteins help with smaller molecules and ions that can’t get across the hydrophobic lipid bilayer membrane.

76
Q

What are ion channel proteins?

A

ion channel proteins help maintain an electrical/charge gradient across the cell membrane. often voltage gated (only open one direction, or only allow one type of ion through at specific voltages)

77
Q

What is secondary active transport?

A

ATP or other energy sources are used to push one ion or molecule against its concentration or charge gradient. Then passive transport is used to “trade” one molecule for another (this is the molecule you actually want in the model(

78
Q

At what stage in cell development is the nucleolus observed?

A

Interphase, while proteins are being synthesized (because you have to make ribosomes)

79
Q

What is a hydrolase? Where are a lot of hydrolases found in the cell?

A

hydrolase catalyzes the hydrolysis of a molecule (break it down by interacting with water (add water, break molecule’s internal bonds). A lot of hydrolases in the lysosomes (trashcan of the cell)

POM UNC (21 decks)

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