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Cell Biology > cell biology and physiology test 19 sep 22 > Flashcards

cell biology and physiology test 19 sep 22 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the shapes of cells?

A
  • bacillus (rod)
  • coccus (spere)
  • spirillus (spiral)
  • vibrio (comma)
  • red blood cells (round)
  • white blood cells
  • nervecell (branched, long)
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2
Q

What cell conatins membranebound organelles and neclous?

A

eukaryotic

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis (eat)
pinocytosis (drink)
receptor-mediated endocytosis (cells and virus)

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4
Q

What are the types of transports?

A

Selective permable: separate internal & external cellmembrane
- Passive diffusion : transport following concentrtion gradient
- Facilitatet diffusion: with help of transport molecule
- Osmosis - movement of water
Active transport: needs ATP

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5
Q

what is ionchannel made of?

A

lipid bilayer and protein molecules . intregal proteins

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6
Q

what is the differens between active and passive channels?

A

Active –> gates that opens/cloose
passive –> always open ..> ion pass continiusly

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7
Q

what happens to voltadgated channels when ther is a nervinpuls in neuronal membrane?

A

voltage in membran causues changes - votaga gated channels open

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8
Q

two types of active channels?

A

voltage gated channels
chemically gated channels

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9
Q

when a neurotransmitter opens chemically volage gate, will it go in to the cell?

A

no, its just opens the gated channel for ion to pass

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10
Q

when acetylcholin binds to a receptor, whick ions will move across the membrane? which direction?

A

K+ potassium go outside
Na+ sodirum go inside
Cl go outside

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11
Q

when GABA binds to its receptor, whick ions will move across membrane, which is its direction?

A

Cl- go in side - makes cell more negative

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12
Q

what detemines the dircion that ions move trough an ion channel?

A

the force of grandiant - ions flow from high to low

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13
Q

on what part of neuron do we find passive chennels?

A

cellmembrane, dendrites cellbody and axon

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14
Q

on what part of neuron do we find chemically gated chennels?

A

dendrites and cellbody

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15
Q

on what part of neruon do we find voltage gated channels?

A

axon hillock, aling unmyelited axons, nodes of Ranvier in myeleted axons

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16
Q

Concetration of ions inside cell?

A

K+ high
Na+ low
Cl- high

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17
Q

consentration of ions OUTSIDE cell?

A

K+ low
Na+ high
Cl- low

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18
Q

what is the only way for ions to get trought the membrane of cell?

A

ionchannels

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19
Q

2 factors that affect permeability of a cell for a perticular ion?

A

number of ion channels
size of the ionz

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20
Q

major factor causes ions to move trough ion channels?

A

concentration of gradient

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21
Q

what is the concentration gradient?

A

chemical factorr thats push K+ outside cell

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22
Q

what typ of force is the “seperation of charge”?

A

an electrical potential

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23
Q

what is a membrane potential?

A

the electrical potentiall across the menbrane

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24
Q

do tthe sodium-potassium pump move sodium and potassium whit or against their gradient?

A

against

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25
Q

What porivides the energy to pump sosium and potassium against ther gradient?

A

ATP . 3 sodium go out, 2 potassium go inside cell

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26
Q

another name for nerveimpuls?

A

ATP

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27
Q

where is the action potential generated?

A

axon Hillock were density of sodium gated channels are greatest

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28
Q

how much does the axon hillock have to depolarize to reach treshold?

A

-55 millivolt

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29
Q

what happens at treshod?

A

actionpotential ig generated

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30
Q

do action potential always have the same amplitude and same duration?

A

yes

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31
Q

what happens to Na+sodium gated channels at treshold?

A

sodium volatge gated opens - Na+ rush into cell, causes depolarization, opens more Na+ voltage gated cells, The postetive feedback loop produces rising phase of action potential

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32
Q

Whats the name of two sodium voltage channels?

A
  • Volage senesetive gate
  • Voltage time-senstetive
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33
Q

Which 2 prosesses break the positive feedback loop?

A
  • inactivation of Na+ voltage gated channels
  • opening of K+ potassium channels
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34
Q

when do the voltage gated potassium channel open?

A

just as the Na+ sodium closing

35
Q

what happens when voltage gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of cell?

A

depolariation ends

36
Q

when does repolarization occur?

A

caused by the cloosing of sodium Na+ channels and the opeing of potassium K+ channels

37
Q

what is hyperpolarization?

A

due to slow potassium voltage gated channels are open a bit efter vell has repolarized potassium continous to moves out of cell –> cell becomes more netagtive

38
Q

during action potential, when do sodium Na+ permeability increases?

A

during rising phase of action potential

39
Q

during action potential, when does sodium Na+ permeability decrease rapidly?

A

repolarization

40
Q

during action potential. when does potassium permability decrease slowly

A

hyperpolarization

41
Q

what is the refractory period?

A

a short time when a neuron cant generate action potential

42
Q

how long is the refractory period?

A

1-2 milli sec

43
Q

what is the effect of myelin on conduction velocity?

A

action potentials jump along the nods on the axon making signal goes faster (saltatory conduction)

44
Q

what is saltatory conduction?

A

action potential jump along the axon on the nods

45
Q

what the function of membrane?

A

to protect and sepratate interious from outside enviroment

46
Q

3 major coponents of eukaryotic cells

A
  • cellmembrane (plasmalemma)
  • cytoplasm ( sorounds neclous)
    -membrane- limitid nucleus contains DNA
47
Q

Main structures of cytoskeleton?

A

a mesh of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments

48
Q

function of cytoskeleton?

A

stability and shape

49
Q

whats the 3 cytoskeletons filaments?

A
  • actin filaments ..> arranges in helix, contract muscle
  • microtubules –> cell structure, organization, mitotis, movement
  • intermidiate filaments –> structural protein in eukaryotic cells
50
Q

what is actin filaments function?

A
  • globular protein arrganged in helix
  • muscle contraction
51
Q

what is microtubules function?

A

-structure, organization, mitosis and movement

52
Q

what is intermediate filaments?

A

a structural protein in eukayotic cells

53
Q

whats the structure of microtubules?

A

polarized within + and -, exists in dynamic instability state, balance beween polymerization and depolymerazion

54
Q

fucntion of microtubules?

A

forms a network of roadways in cell, shutle vesicle from one part of cell to another, moves chormosomes during mitosis. THEIR INSTABILITY IS CRITICAL TO THEIR FUNCTION

55
Q

what is the structure of microfilments?

A

thinnest, in straited musclecells actin forms a a stable paracrystalline to myosin

56
Q

what is the function of microfilament?

A

-contracile whenn toghetter with myosin in muscle cell
- in nonmuscle cells it exists in soulble form and binds to microfilaments by globularhead leaving tail free to be moced by others celluar components.

57
Q

what is the location of microfielmants in nionmusclerarcells?

A

in thon sheets under plasma membrane (terminal web) or as a belt around the equator of dividing ells

58
Q

what the structure of intemediate filaments?

A

ropelike shorter theadlike protein subunits twisted around another

59
Q

whats the function of intermediate filamenst?

A

strengt and durabillity, mechanical stress handler, stabilizing cellstructure and maintain shape

60
Q

Location of intermediate fiaments?

A

net around the nucleus, and extens troughout cytoplasm, maintain cellshape

61
Q

what is cytosol?

A

a component of cytoplasm, that includes all the cellmembrane and organells but NO NUCLEUS

62
Q

whats the composition of cytosol?

A

70% water, ions, small molecules, macromolecules.
PH 7.0-7,4 aminoacids, K+Na+, Cl- Mg2+

63
Q

3 types of membrane functions?

A
  • Compartmentalization
  • spatial.teporal organization of metabolic prosesses
  • storage, transport and secration
64
Q

what is compartmentalization?

A

membrane selectively block passage of most water-soulble substance, prevent dilution of substrates.

65
Q

what is spatial-temporal organization of metabolic prosesses?

A

multistep metabolic prosess are passed from enzyme to enzyme

66
Q

what is receptor- mediated endocytosis?

A

cell engulfs ligands along with

67
Q

name the two bacis types of physiological signals

A

electical
chemical

68
Q

what do electrical signals affect?

A

cells membrane potential

69
Q

what do chemicall signals effect?

A

-responsible for most comunication whitin body
-molecules secreted inti extracellular fluids by cells

70
Q

what are the basic methods of cell to cell communications?

A
  • Direct cytoplastic transfer
    –> gap junctions
  • local comunication –> chemical diffuse trough extracellular fluid
  • long distans communication trough combination of elecrical and chemical
71
Q

what is an parcrine?

A

chemical that is secreted by a cell to act on cells cloose by

72
Q

what is an autocrine?

A

signal molecule that acts on same cell the secreted it

73
Q

what i longdistans communication?

A

-elecrical signal travles along neuron utnill reaches end of cell –> neuron realeses neurotransmitter that diffuses a small gap to target cell

74
Q

what is the signal pathway?

A

-reception –> of extracellular signal by a cell
- transduction–> of signal from outside cell to inside cell
-cellular response –> iniated occurs whitin a recceving cell

75
Q

what is a ligand?

A

molecules that bind to a specific receptor

76
Q

what is agonist?

A

binds to receptor ans preform effect

77
Q

what is antagonist?

A

bind to receptor but do nothing

78
Q

what are the 2 types of receptors?

A

intracellular –> for lipid-soluble hormones located in cytosol or nucleus

  • membrane receptors –> located in membrane
79
Q

what is signal amplification?

A

one extra celllar ligand binds to a membrane receptor and initiates signal cascade further to others

80
Q

were is integral proteins found?

A

ionchannels, proton-pumps, G protein coupled receptor

81
Q

were is lipid-anchored protein found?

A

in g-proteins.

82
Q

thre types of biochemical components proteins?

A

-Integral membrane protein
-transmembrane proteins
- pheripheral membrane proteins

83
Q

what is receptor mediated endocytosis?

A

cell engulfs ligands along their surface receptors
- coatprotein CLATHRIN transports in to middle

Cell Biology (5 decks)

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