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Cell Biology > cell biology and physiology test 19 sep 22 > Flashcards

cell biology and physiology test 19 sep 22 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the shapes of cells?

A
  • bacillus (rod)
  • coccus (spere)
  • spirillus (spiral)
  • vibrio (comma)
  • red blood cells (round)
  • white blood cells
  • nervecell (branched, long)
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2
Q

What cell conatins membranebound organelles and neclous?

A

eukaryotic

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3
Q

What are the 3 types of endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis (eat)
pinocytosis (drink)
receptor-mediated endocytosis (cells and virus)

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4
Q

What are the types of transports?

A

Selective permable: separate internal & external cellmembrane
- Passive diffusion : transport following concentrtion gradient
- Facilitatet diffusion: with help of transport molecule
- Osmosis - movement of water
Active transport: needs ATP

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5
Q

what is ionchannel made of?

A

lipid bilayer and protein molecules . intregal proteins

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6
Q

what is the differens between active and passive channels?

A

Active –> gates that opens/cloose
passive –> always open ..> ion pass continiusly

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7
Q

what happens to voltadgated channels when ther is a nervinpuls in neuronal membrane?

A

voltage in membran causues changes - votaga gated channels open

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8
Q

two types of active channels?

A

voltage gated channels
chemically gated channels

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9
Q

when a neurotransmitter opens chemically volage gate, will it go in to the cell?

A

no, its just opens the gated channel for ion to pass

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10
Q

when acetylcholin binds to a receptor, whick ions will move across the membrane? which direction?

A

K+ potassium go outside
Na+ sodirum go inside
Cl go outside

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11
Q

when GABA binds to its receptor, whick ions will move across membrane, which is its direction?

A

Cl- go in side - makes cell more negative

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12
Q

what detemines the dircion that ions move trough an ion channel?

A

the force of grandiant - ions flow from high to low

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13
Q

on what part of neuron do we find passive chennels?

A

cellmembrane, dendrites cellbody and axon

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14
Q

on what part of neuron do we find chemically gated chennels?

A

dendrites and cellbody

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15
Q

on what part of neruon do we find voltage gated channels?

A

axon hillock, aling unmyelited axons, nodes of Ranvier in myeleted axons

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16
Q

Concetration of ions inside cell?

A

K+ high
Na+ low
Cl- high

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17
Q

consentration of ions OUTSIDE cell?

A

K+ low
Na+ high
Cl- low

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18
Q

what is the only way for ions to get trought the membrane of cell?

A

ionchannels

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19
Q

2 factors that affect permeability of a cell for a perticular ion?

A

number of ion channels
size of the ionz

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20
Q

major factor causes ions to move trough ion channels?

A

concentration of gradient

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21
Q

what is the concentration gradient?

A

chemical factorr thats push K+ outside cell

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22
Q

what typ of force is the “seperation of charge”?

A

an electrical potential

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23
Q

what is a membrane potential?

A

the electrical potentiall across the menbrane

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24
Q

do tthe sodium-potassium pump move sodium and potassium whit or against their gradient?

A

against

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25
What porivides the energy to pump sosium and potassium against ther gradient?
ATP . 3 sodium go out, 2 potassium go inside cell
26
another name for nerveimpuls?
ATP
27
where is the action potential generated?
axon Hillock were density of sodium gated channels are greatest
28
how much does the axon hillock have to depolarize to reach treshold?
-55 millivolt
29
what happens at treshod?
actionpotential ig generated
30
do action potential always have the same amplitude and same duration?
yes
31
what happens to Na+sodium gated channels at treshold?
sodium volatge gated opens - Na+ rush into cell, causes depolarization, opens more Na+ voltage gated cells, The postetive feedback loop produces rising phase of action potential
32
Whats the name of two sodium voltage channels?
- Volage senesetive gate - Voltage time-senstetive
33
Which 2 prosesses break the positive feedback loop?
- inactivation of Na+ voltage gated channels - opening of K+ potassium channels
34
when do the voltage gated potassium channel open?
just as the Na+ sodium closing
35
what happens when voltage gated potassium channels open and potassium moves out of cell?
depolariation ends
36
when does repolarization occur?
caused by the cloosing of sodium Na+ channels and the opeing of potassium K+ channels
37
what is hyperpolarization?
due to slow potassium voltage gated channels are open a bit efter vell has repolarized potassium continous to moves out of cell --> cell becomes more netagtive
38
during action potential, when do sodium Na+ permeability increases?
during rising phase of action potential
39
during action potential, when does sodium Na+ permeability decrease rapidly?
repolarization
40
during action potential. when does potassium permability decrease slowly
hyperpolarization
41
what is the refractory period?
a short time when a neuron cant generate action potential
42
how long is the refractory period?
1-2 milli sec
43
what is the effect of myelin on conduction velocity?
action potentials jump along the nods on the axon making signal goes faster (saltatory conduction)
44
what is saltatory conduction?
action potential jump along the axon on the nods
45
what the function of membrane?
to protect and sepratate interious from outside enviroment
46
3 major coponents of eukaryotic cells
- cellmembrane (plasmalemma) - cytoplasm ( sorounds neclous) -membrane- limitid nucleus contains DNA
47
Main structures of cytoskeleton?
a mesh of microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments
48
function of cytoskeleton?
stability and shape
49
whats the 3 cytoskeletons filaments?
- actin filaments ..> arranges in helix, contract muscle - microtubules --> cell structure, organization, mitotis, movement - intermidiate filaments --> structural protein in eukaryotic cells
50
what is actin filaments function?
- globular protein arrganged in helix - muscle contraction
51
what is microtubules function?
-structure, organization, mitosis and movement
52
what is intermediate filaments?
a structural protein in eukayotic cells
53
whats the structure of microtubules?
polarized within + and -, exists in dynamic instability state, balance beween polymerization and depolymerazion
54
fucntion of microtubules?
forms a network of roadways in cell, shutle vesicle from one part of cell to another, moves chormosomes during mitosis. THEIR INSTABILITY IS CRITICAL TO THEIR FUNCTION
55
what is the structure of microfilments?
thinnest, in straited musclecells actin forms a a stable paracrystalline to myosin
56
what is the function of microfilament?
-contracile whenn toghetter with myosin in muscle cell - in nonmuscle cells it exists in soulble form and binds to microfilaments by globularhead leaving tail free to be moced by others celluar components.
57
what is the location of microfielmants in nionmusclerarcells?
in thon sheets under plasma membrane (terminal web) or as a belt around the equator of dividing ells
58
what the structure of intemediate filaments?
ropelike shorter theadlike protein subunits twisted around another
59
whats the function of intermediate filamenst?
strengt and durabillity, mechanical stress handler, stabilizing cellstructure and maintain shape
60
Location of intermediate fiaments?
net around the nucleus, and extens troughout cytoplasm, maintain cellshape
61
what is cytosol?
a component of cytoplasm, that includes all the cellmembrane and organells but NO NUCLEUS
62
whats the composition of cytosol?
70% water, ions, small molecules, macromolecules. PH 7.0-7,4 aminoacids, K+Na+, Cl- Mg2+
63
3 types of membrane functions?
- Compartmentalization - spatial.teporal organization of metabolic prosesses - storage, transport and secration
64
what is compartmentalization?
membrane selectively block passage of most water-soulble substance, prevent dilution of substrates.
65
what is spatial-temporal organization of metabolic prosesses?
multistep metabolic prosess are passed from enzyme to enzyme
66
what is receptor- mediated endocytosis?
cell engulfs ligands along with
67
name the two bacis types of physiological signals
electical chemical
68
what do electrical signals affect?
cells membrane potential
69
what do chemicall signals effect?
-responsible for most comunication whitin body -molecules secreted inti extracellular fluids by cells
70
what are the basic methods of cell to cell communications?
- Direct cytoplastic transfer --> gap junctions - local comunication --> chemical diffuse trough extracellular fluid - long distans communication trough combination of elecrical and chemical
71
what is an parcrine?
chemical that is secreted by a cell to act on cells cloose by
72
what is an autocrine?
signal molecule that acts on same cell the secreted it
73
what i longdistans communication?
-elecrical signal travles along neuron utnill reaches end of cell --> neuron realeses neurotransmitter that diffuses a small gap to target cell
74
what is the signal pathway?
-reception --> of extracellular signal by a cell - transduction--> of signal from outside cell to inside cell -cellular response --> iniated occurs whitin a recceving cell
75
what is a ligand?
molecules that bind to a specific receptor
76
what is agonist?
binds to receptor ans preform effect
77
what is antagonist?
bind to receptor but do nothing
78
what are the 2 types of receptors?
intracellular --> for lipid-soluble hormones located in cytosol or nucleus - membrane receptors --> located in membrane
79
what is signal amplification?
one extra celllar ligand binds to a membrane receptor and initiates signal cascade further to others
80
were is integral proteins found?
ionchannels, proton-pumps, G protein coupled receptor
81
were is lipid-anchored protein found?
in g-proteins.
82
thre types of biochemical components proteins?
-Integral membrane protein -transmembrane proteins - pheripheral membrane proteins
83
what is receptor mediated endocytosis?
cell engulfs ligands along their surface receptors - coatprotein CLATHRIN transports in to middle

Cell Biology (5 decks)

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