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1
Q

what is the structure of dna?

A

purine base A & T
Pyramidine C & G
3 part building blocks:
deoxyribose (5carbonsugar), phospahet group, nitrogenous base

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2
Q

whats a nucelotide?

A

a base, sugar ans phosphate griou are called nucleotide

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3
Q

What are the RNA structure?

A

RNA contains a sugar ribose which doffers from DNA by the presens of a -OH group.
Uracil pares with Thymine
RNA is single stranded

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4
Q

What are the classes of RNA?

A

Transfer RNA - carries aminoacids to ribosome

Ribosomal RNA - protein synthesis

Messenger RNA - carry protein from cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm

Catalytic RNA - selfsplicing molecules also calles RIBOZYMES

Atisense RNA - recognition rna activates RNA with enzym

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5
Q

What are the stages of DNA replication?

A

G1 - RNA and protein synthesis
S - DNA replication
G2 - RNA and protein synthesis
M - cell division

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6
Q

Function of helicase?

A

Open/ unwind the DNA (breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous base pairs)

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7
Q

What is Topoisomerase fuction?

A

Prevents DNA from supercoiling, works at a region ahead of the replication fork

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8
Q

Function of primase?

A

Startingpoint of replication.
Synthesis RNA primers complimentary to the DNA strand

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9
Q

Function of DNA polymerase III?

A

adding to the 3’ end in order to build new DNA

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10
Q

Function of DNA polymerase I?

A

Removes RNA primers and replace with DNA

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11
Q

Function of DNA ligase?

A

Seals the gap between DNA fragments

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12
Q

What’s the difference in replication between euaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

DNA replications only occurs at one site in Prokaryotes .

In eukaryotes multiple sites

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13
Q

What is nuclear envelope function?

A

Double membrane, forms a selective permable barrier between nuclear and cytoplasmic components.
Outermembrane binds to ribosomes and RER

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14
Q

Function of nuclear lamina?

A

Supports the nuclear envelope with protein called lamins

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15
Q

What is nuceoplasm?

A

A gel-like matrix in which the nuclear components are suspended in

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16
Q

What are the stages of translation?

A

Activation
Initation- Ribosomal subunits binds to mRNA
Elongation- ribosomes moves along mRNA moecule linking aminoacids and forming peptide chain.
Termintion - ribosome reaches a stopcodon which terminates protein synstesis and realises ribosome

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17
Q

What are the two forms of chromatin?

A

Euchromarin - less condense, can be transcripted
Heterochomatin - condensed, van not be transkripted

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18
Q

What is Transponosos?

A

A prices of DNA that moves readily from one side to another either whit in or between BACTERIAL DNA
Can code for drug resistant

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19
Q

What is plasmids?

A

A small circular DNA molecule find in bacteria

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20
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

An organism characherized by the absence of nucleus or any menbrande bound organells

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21
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

A section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins inside the nucleus.

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22
Q

What is telomeres?

A

The end of the chromosome

23
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The part that joins the chromatids together (also called kinetochore)

24
Q

What is chromatin?

A

It’s a compex of DNA and proteins, 2 types:
euchromarin (light)
Heterochromatine (dark)

25
When are chromosome most condensed?
During methaphase
26
What are the specific chromosomes?
Metecentric V shaped and divided equal arms. Submetacentric - L shaped un equal arms Acrocentric - J shaped - ventromeres are located near the ends Telocentric - rodshaped centromeres on the end
27
Function of histones?
A protein that helps organise DNA into structural units
28
What are the nontypical centromeres?
Polythene- product of multiple rounds in S-phase remain tigtly, formes supersized chromosome Lampbrush chromosome - present in oocyte in birds, vertebrate and invertebrate during the prolonged prophesy of first meotic division Gender chromosomes - female eggs contain 2 X, sperm contains X ans Y
29
What does Uracil pares with?
Thymin
30
What happens in Initation?
Ribosomal subunits bind to mRNA
31
What happens in elongation?
Ribosome moves along the mRNA linking aminoacids and forming peptide chains
32
What happens in termination
Ribosome reaches a stopcodon which terminates protein synthesis and realises polypeptide chain
33
What is SSB proteins functio?
To stop dna strand to come togheter after helivase has open
34
What is the function of tRNA?
Carrie animoacids to ribosome (serves as a link between the messenger and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein)
35
What is the function of rRNA
Protein synthesis
36
What is the function of mRNA?
Carry protein with DNA info from nucleus to cytoplasm
37
What happens in metaphase?
Chromosomes condences and allign in the center of cell
38
What is the function of Guide RNA?
Involving in prossessing RNA or DNA in some organisms
39
Function of Anticence RNA?
Regularion of geneexpression in replication, transcription and translation
40
Function of Recognition RNA?
Part of telemerase that enables to recognize certain short DNA sequences
41
Function of small nuclear RNA?
Crushal part in gene regulation by way of RNA splizing of the introns. Involved in the processing of messenger RNA in nucleus of eukaryotic cells. (SnRNA)
42
What happens in A-site?
Incoming aminoacyl - tRNA binds
43
Where does translation happens?
In cytoplasm of cell
44
Where does transcription take place?
In the nucleus
45
Stages of transcription?
Initiation Elongation Termonation
46
What's the purpose of translation?
To produce polypeptide quickly and accurately
47
Where does polypeptide get translated?
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
48
How many genomes do animla mithokondria have?
37
49
What is cpDNA?
Chloroplast DNA, photosynthetic circular genome in plants
50
What is chromatin?
The condensed genetic material - DNA and protein
51
what are the function of mRNA?
carry protein with irmotamtion from DNA to cytoplasm
52
what are the function of ribozymes?
enzymatically activate RNA
53
What is the function of small nucelar RNA?
have a critical role in gene regulation by marks the introns during spicing

Cell Biology (5 decks)

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