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cell Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is the structure of dna?

A

purine base A & T
Pyramidine C & G
3 part building blocks:
deoxyribose (5carbonsugar), phospahet group, nitrogenous base

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2
Q

whats a nucelotide?

A

a base, sugar ans phosphate griou are called nucleotide

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3
Q

What are the RNA structure?

A

RNA contains a sugar ribose which doffers from DNA by the presens of a -OH group.
Uracil pares with Thymine
RNA is single stranded

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4
Q

What are the classes of RNA?

A

Transfer RNA - carries aminoacids to ribosome

Ribosomal RNA - protein synthesis

Messenger RNA - carry protein from cell’s nucleus to the cell’s cytoplasm

Catalytic RNA - selfsplicing molecules also calles RIBOZYMES

Atisense RNA - recognition rna activates RNA with enzym

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5
Q

What are the stages of DNA replication?

A

G1 - RNA and protein synthesis
S - DNA replication
G2 - RNA and protein synthesis
M - cell division

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6
Q

Function of helicase?

A

Open/ unwind the DNA (breaking hydrogen bonds between nitrogenous base pairs)

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7
Q

What is Topoisomerase fuction?

A

Prevents DNA from supercoiling, works at a region ahead of the replication fork

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8
Q

Function of primase?

A

Startingpoint of replication.
Synthesis RNA primers complimentary to the DNA strand

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9
Q

Function of DNA polymerase III?

A

adding to the 3’ end in order to build new DNA

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10
Q

Function of DNA polymerase I?

A

Removes RNA primers and replace with DNA

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11
Q

Function of DNA ligase?

A

Seals the gap between DNA fragments

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12
Q

What’s the difference in replication between euaryotes and prokaryotes?

A

DNA replications only occurs at one site in Prokaryotes .

In eukaryotes multiple sites

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13
Q

What is nuclear envelope function?

A

Double membrane, forms a selective permable barrier between nuclear and cytoplasmic components.
Outermembrane binds to ribosomes and RER

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14
Q

Function of nuclear lamina?

A

Supports the nuclear envelope with protein called lamins

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15
Q

What is nuceoplasm?

A

A gel-like matrix in which the nuclear components are suspended in

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16
Q

What are the stages of translation?

A

Activation
Initation- Ribosomal subunits binds to mRNA
Elongation- ribosomes moves along mRNA moecule linking aminoacids and forming peptide chain.
Termintion - ribosome reaches a stopcodon which terminates protein synstesis and realises ribosome

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17
Q

What are the two forms of chromatin?

A

Euchromarin - less condense, can be transcripted
Heterochomatin - condensed, van not be transkripted

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18
Q

What is Transponosos?

A

A prices of DNA that moves readily from one side to another either whit in or between BACTERIAL DNA
Can code for drug resistant

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19
Q

What is plasmids?

A

A small circular DNA molecule find in bacteria

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20
Q

What is a prokaryote?

A

An organism characherized by the absence of nucleus or any menbrande bound organells

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21
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

A section of DNA that is wrapped around a core of proteins inside the nucleus.

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22
Q

What is telomeres?

A

The end of the chromosome

23
Q

What is a centromere?

A

The part that joins the chromatids together (also called kinetochore)

24
Q

What is chromatin?

A

It’s a compex of DNA and proteins, 2 types:
euchromarin (light)
Heterochromatine (dark)

25
Q

When are chromosome most condensed?

A

During methaphase

26
Q

What are the specific chromosomes?

A

Metecentric V shaped and divided equal arms.
Submetacentric - L shaped un equal arms
Acrocentric - J shaped - ventromeres are located near the ends
Telocentric - rodshaped centromeres on the end

27
Q

Function of histones?

A

A protein that helps organise DNA into structural units

28
Q

What are the nontypical centromeres?

A

Polythene- product of multiple rounds in S-phase remain tigtly, formes supersized chromosome

Lampbrush chromosome - present in oocyte in birds, vertebrate and invertebrate during the prolonged prophesy of first meotic division

Gender chromosomes - female eggs contain 2 X, sperm contains X ans Y

29
Q

What does Uracil pares with?

A

Thymin

30
Q

What happens in Initation?

A

Ribosomal subunits bind to mRNA

31
Q

What happens in elongation?

A

Ribosome moves along the mRNA linking aminoacids and forming peptide chains

32
Q

What happens in termination

A

Ribosome reaches a stopcodon which terminates protein synthesis and realises polypeptide chain

33
Q

What is SSB proteins functio?

A

To stop dna strand to come togheter after helivase has open

34
Q

What is the function of tRNA?

A

Carrie animoacids to ribosome

(serves as a link between the messenger and the growing chain of amino acids that make up a protein)

35
Q

What is the function of rRNA

A

Protein synthesis

36
Q

What is the function of mRNA?

A

Carry protein with DNA info from nucleus to cytoplasm

37
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Chromosomes condences and allign in the center of cell

38
Q

What is the function of Guide RNA?

A

Involving in prossessing RNA or DNA in some organisms

39
Q

Function of Anticence RNA?

A

Regularion of geneexpression in replication, transcription and translation

40
Q

Function of Recognition RNA?

A

Part of telemerase that enables to recognize certain short DNA sequences

41
Q

Function of small nuclear RNA?

A

Crushal part in gene regulation by way of RNA splizing of the introns.

Involved in the processing of messenger RNA in nucleus of eukaryotic cells. (SnRNA)

42
Q

What happens in A-site?

A

Incoming aminoacyl - tRNA binds

43
Q

Where does translation happens?

A

In cytoplasm of cell

44
Q

Where does transcription take place?

A

In the nucleus

45
Q

Stages of transcription?

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termonation

46
Q

What’s the purpose of translation?

A

To produce polypeptide quickly and accurately

47
Q

Where does polypeptide get translated?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

48
Q

How many genomes do animla mithokondria have?

A

37

49
Q

What is cpDNA?

A

Chloroplast DNA, photosynthetic circular genome in plants

50
Q

What is chromatin?

A

The condensed genetic material - DNA and protein

51
Q

what are the function of mRNA?

A

carry protein with irmotamtion from DNA to cytoplasm

52
Q

what are the function of ribozymes?

A

enzymatically activate RNA

53
Q

What is the function of small nucelar RNA?

A

have a critical role in gene regulation by marks the introns during spicing

Cell Biology (5 decks)

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