Cell Biology

Question 1

what are the 4 main parts to a ‘generalised’ animal cell?

Answer 1

plasma, cytoplasm, organelles, inclusions

Question 2

explain passive transport (diffusion)

Answer 2

goes with the gradient, ions move from a higher concentration gradient to a lower concentration gradient

Question 3

what is needed to help bigger molecules across the membrane?

Answer 3

carrier proteins

Question 4

explain active transport

Answer 4

goes against the gradient, particles move from a low concentration gradient to a high concentration gradient (requires energy)

Question 5

which transport across membrane requires energy?

Answer 5

active transport

Question 6

what is the name of the energy required in active transport

Answer 6

ATP

Question 7

how does active transport work?

Answer 7

the molecule binds to the transport protein, along with energy (ATP)
using ATP, the carrier protein the carries the molecule against the concentration gradient and across the membrane
the protein then releases the molecule and the used up energy (ADP) the other side

Question 8

explain some features of the nucleus

Answer 8

contains most of the cells genetic information in the form of DNA
surrounded by a nuclear envelope with pores

Question 9

explain some features of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

Answer 9

two types: rough (with ribosomes) and smooth (no ribosomes)

protein synthesis occurs in the rough ER

Question 10

explain some features of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 10

flattened sacs, takes materials and packages them from the ER
readies products for export from the cell

Question 11

explain some features of the mitochondria

Answer 11

enclosed in a double membrane

powerhouse of the cell (produces energy)

Question 12

explain some features of the centrioles

Answer 12

tubular structures formed of microtubules

form organising centres for mitotic spindles

Question 13

explain some features of the cytoplasm

Answer 13

fluid surrounding the cell’s organelles
contains enzymes and ribosomes
uses ribosomes to create protein needed in the cell

Question 14

explain the cell cycle

Answer 14

interphase - performing normal functions
mitotic phase - mitosis (cell division) > prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase > cytokines > cytoplasm divides and 2 daughter cells form with the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell

Question 15

explain the G1 phase

Answer 15

cell grows in size

Question 16

explain the S phase

Answer 16

chromosomes replicate and are left with two identical copies (chromatid)

Question 17

explain the G2 phase

Answer 17

further growth and preparation for mitosis

Question 18

explain the G0 phase

Answer 18

resting phase