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AHB > Blood and Blood Clotting > Flashcards

Blood and Blood Clotting Flashcards

1
Q

what does blood circulate around the body?

A

oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, protective substances, clotting factors

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2
Q

where are the RBCs and platelets produced?

A

red bone marrow

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3
Q

where are the different blood cells suspended?

A

in the plasma (yellow fluid)

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4
Q

what is another word for RBCs?

A

erythrocytes

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5
Q

what is another word for WBCs?

A

leucocytes

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6
Q

true or false, blood is always in motion?

A

true. due to the pumping of the heart

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7
Q

what is another word for platelets?

A

thrombocytes

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8
Q

true or false, blood cells can be separated from the plasma?

A

true. by centrifuge (spinning) or gravity (when blood is left tot stand)

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9
Q

what is the process called of creating RBCs

A

erythropoiesis

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10
Q

what hormone stimulates erythrocyte production?

A

erythropoietin

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11
Q

how long do RBCs last?

A

120 days

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12
Q

what vitamins are needed for RBC synthesis?

A

vitamin B12 and folic acid

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13
Q

what is the process called of development of RBCs from stem cells?

A

erythropoiesis

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14
Q

how much (%) oxygen is transported in RBCs?

A

97%

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15
Q

what is included in the structure of RBCs?

A

two pairs of amino acid chains and four heme groups

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16
Q

what is haemoglobin?

A

a protein that carries oxygen around the body

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17
Q

what are the two types of leucocytes?

A

polymorphic (granulocytes) and mononuclear (agranulocytes) or T cells and B cells

18
Q

what are the structures included in granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

19
Q

what are the structures included in agranuloctyes?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

20
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

a process wherein a cell binds to the item it wants to engulf on the cell surface and draws the item inward while engulfing around it

21
Q

what is the universal blood donor type?

A

O negative

22
Q

what is the universal blood recipient type?

A

type AB

23
Q

explain the Rhesus system?

A

the Rhesus antigen (Rh).
About 85% of people have this antigen, meaning they are Rhesus positive (Rh+), therefore they do not make anti-Rhesus antibodies.
The other 15% have no Rhesus antigen (Rh-), they are capable of making anti-Rhesus antibodies.

24
Q

what do the B cells do?

A

the B cells produce antibodies which attack invading pathogens

25
Q

what do T cells do?

A

the T cells destroy the bodies own cells that have become cancerous or taken over by a pathogen

26
Q

what are the 3 steps of the haemostatic phases?

A

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulation (blood clotting)

27
Q

explain stage 1 of the haemostatic phase? (vascular spasm)

A

the blood vessels first response to injury, smooth muscle contracts which constricts blood flow.

28
Q

explain stage 2 of the haemostatic phase? (platelet plug formation)

A

activation of platelets so they form a ‘plug’ at the site of injury

29
Q

explain stage 3 of the haemostatic phase? (coagulation or blood clotting)

A

clotting factors activated on specific receptor sites on the surface of platelets

30
Q

how many clotting factors are there?

A

12 - I to XIII

31
Q

explain the Extrinsic Pathway

A

the required tissue is outside of the blood.
damaged extravascular cells in contact with the blood plasma,
release of factor III,
calcium then factor VII activated by factor III,
leads to the activation of factor X
activates the common pathway

32
Q

explain the Intrinsic Pathway

A

factors needed for clotting are inside/within the blood
promoted by damage to the tissue
slower due to many intermediate steps

33
Q

explain the common pathway

A

prothrombin is converted to its natural form: thrombin
thrombin assists with the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin
fibrin forms the network of fibres that traps RBCs and platelets

34
Q

what does the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) do?

A

released by platelets, stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild the vessel wall

35
Q

what does the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) do?

A

stimulates endothelial cells to restore the endothelial lining

36
Q

what does fibrinolysis do? (clot breakdown mechanism)

A

produced when plasminogen are incorporated into the clot but remain inactive

37
Q

what is thrombus?

A

formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel

38
Q

what is embolus?

A

portion of a thrombus which has broken free and enters the circulation

39
Q

what is embolism?

A

a trapped embolus

40
Q

what is haemostatsis?

A

physiological process by which bleeding ceased

41
Q

what are anticoagulants?

A

substances that oppose coagulation

AHB (12 decks)

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