Blood and Blood Clotting

Question 1

what does blood circulate around the body?

Answer 1

oxygen, nutrients, hormones, heat, protective substances, clotting factors

Question 2

where are the RBCs and platelets produced?

Answer 2

red bone marrow

Question 3

where are the different blood cells suspended?

Answer 3

in the plasma (yellow fluid)

Question 4

what is another word for RBCs?

Answer 4

erythrocytes

Question 5

what is another word for WBCs?

Answer 5

leucocytes

Question 6

true or false, blood is always in motion?

Answer 6

true. due to the pumping of the heart

Question 7

what is another word for platelets?

Answer 7

thrombocytes

Question 8

true or false, blood cells can be separated from the plasma?

Answer 8

true. by centrifuge (spinning) or gravity (when blood is left tot stand)

Question 9

what is the process called of creating RBCs

Answer 9

erythropoiesis

Question 10

what hormone stimulates erythrocyte production?

Answer 10

erythropoietin

Question 11

how long do RBCs last?

Answer 11

120 days

Question 12

what vitamins are needed for RBC synthesis?

Answer 12

vitamin B12 and folic acid

Question 13

what is the process called of development of RBCs from stem cells?

Answer 13

erythropoiesis

Question 14

how much (%) oxygen is transported in RBCs?

Answer 14

97%

Question 15

what is included in the structure of RBCs?

Answer 15

two pairs of amino acid chains and four heme groups

Question 16

what is haemoglobin?

Answer 16

a protein that carries oxygen around the body

Question 17

what are the two types of leucocytes?

Answer 17

polymorphic (granulocytes) and mononuclear (agranulocytes) or T cells and B cells

Question 18

what are the structures included in granulocytes?

Answer 18

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 19

what are the structures included in agranuloctyes?

Answer 19

monocytes and lymphocytes

Question 20

what is phagocytosis?

Answer 20

a process wherein a cell binds to the item it wants to engulf on the cell surface and draws the item inward while engulfing around it

Question 21

what is the universal blood donor type?

Answer 21

O negative

Question 22

what is the universal blood recipient type?

Answer 22

type AB

Question 23

explain the Rhesus system?

Answer 23

the Rhesus antigen (Rh).
About 85% of people have this antigen, meaning they are Rhesus positive (Rh+), therefore they do not make anti-Rhesus antibodies.
The other 15% have no Rhesus antigen (Rh-), they are capable of making anti-Rhesus antibodies.

Question 24

what do the B cells do?

Answer 24

the B cells produce antibodies which attack invading pathogens

Question 25

what do T cells do?

Answer 25

the T cells destroy the bodies own cells that have become cancerous or taken over by a pathogen

Question 26

what are the 3 steps of the haemostatic phases?

Answer 26

vascular spasm, platelet plug formation and coagulation (blood clotting)

Question 27

explain stage 1 of the haemostatic phase? (vascular spasm)

Answer 27

the blood vessels first response to injury, smooth muscle contracts which constricts blood flow.

Question 28

explain stage 2 of the haemostatic phase? (platelet plug formation)

Answer 28

activation of platelets so they form a 'plug' at the site of injury

Question 29

explain stage 3 of the haemostatic phase? (coagulation or blood clotting)

Answer 29

clotting factors activated on specific receptor sites on the surface of platelets

Question 30

how many clotting factors are there?

Answer 30

12 - I to XIII

Question 31

explain the Extrinsic Pathway

Answer 31

the required tissue is outside of the blood. damaged extravascular cells in contact with the blood plasma, release of factor III, calcium then factor VII activated by factor III, leads to the activation of factor X activates the common pathway

Question 32

explain the Intrinsic Pathway

Answer 32

factors needed for clotting are inside/within the blood promoted by damage to the tissue slower due to many intermediate steps

Question 33

explain the common pathway

Answer 33

prothrombin is converted to its natural form: thrombin thrombin assists with the conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin fibrin forms the network of fibres that traps RBCs and platelets

Question 34

what does the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) do?

Answer 34

released by platelets, stimulates smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to rebuild the vessel wall

Question 35

what does the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) do?

Answer 35

stimulates endothelial cells to restore the endothelial lining

Question 36

what does fibrinolysis do? (clot breakdown mechanism)

Answer 36

produced when plasminogen are incorporated into the clot but remain inactive

Question 37

what is thrombus?

Answer 37

formation of a blood clot in a blood vessel

Question 38

what is embolus?

Answer 38

portion of a thrombus which has broken free and enters the circulation

Question 39

what is embolism?

Answer 39

a trapped embolus

Question 40

what is haemostatsis?

Answer 40

physiological process by which bleeding ceased

Question 41

what are anticoagulants?

Answer 41

substances that oppose coagulation