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Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

Has a nucleus

Larger than prokaryotic cells = slower reproduction

They are more complex as they have organelles

E.g. plant cell and animal cell

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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

They have no nucleus (have free DNA)

Smaller than eukaryotic cells = faster reproduction

They are simpler as they have no organelles (only ribosomes)

E.g. bacteria

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3
Q

Commonalties between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

A

Both have DNA

They both have ribosomes, cell membrane and cytoplasm

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4
Q

Nucleus

A

This contains the genetic material (DNA) of the organism and controls the cell’s activities

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5
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Chemical reactions take place here

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6
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls which substances can pass in and out the cell

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7
Q

Mitochondria

A

Releases energy

Respiration occurs in the mitochondria

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8
Q

Cell wall

A

Contains cellulose to provide strength and support to the plant

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9
Q

Vacuole

A

A space inside the cytoplasm that contains a watery liquid called cell sap; it keeps the cell firm

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10
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Contain a green pigment called chlorophyll

Photosynthesis occurs in the cholorphyll

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11
Q

Ribosomes

A

Responsible for protein synthesis (making proteins)

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12
Q

Magnification

A

How much bigger a sample appears to be than in real life

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13
Q

Magnification formula

A

Image / actual

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14
Q

Resolution

A

Ability to distinguish between two points on an image

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15
Q

Microscopy practical

A

Put a thin sample of tissue (e.g. onion epidermis) onto a microscope slide

Add a few drops of a suitable stain/dye

Place a coverslip on top of the tissue and place the slide onto the microscope stage

Use the objective lens with the lowest magnification, and focus on the sample

Increase the magnification and refocus to see different features of the cell

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16
Q

Adaptations of a sperm cell

A

Many mitochondria to provide energy

Flagellum and streamlined head to swim

Acrosome contains digestive enzymes

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17
Q

Adaptations of a red blood cell

A

Concave shape increases surface area for absorbing O2

Has haemoglobin (red pigment that absorbs the O2)

No nucleus so more room for haemoglobin

18
Q

Adaptations of a palisade cells

A

Packed with chloroplast for photosynthesis

Tall shape = higher surface area = more absorption of CO2

19
Q

Adaptations of a root hair cell

A

Large surface area to increase rate of absorption

Thin cell wall to allow minerals

20
Q

Adaptations of a nerve cell

A

They have an long axon so they can carry messages up and down the body over long distances

The axon is insulated by a fatty myelin sheath - the fatty sheath increases the speed of the nerve impulses along the neuron

Dendrites receive incoming nerve impulses from other neurons

21
Q

Effect of antiseptics practical

A

Pour the sterile agar plates into the petri dish and allow to set fully

Sterilise the inoculating loop by heating it in the Bunsen burner flame

Dip the inoculation loop into the microorganism solution and spread evenly

Add a sheet of antiseptic and tape the lid shut

Measure the clear area around the soaked filter paper disks

22
Q

Chromosomes

A

Chromosomes carry genetic information in a molecule called DNA

23
Q

Mitosis

A

When a cell reproduces itself by splitting to form two identical offspring

24
Q

Process of mitosis

A

The DNA replicates to make a copy of itself, forming an ‘X’ shaped chromosome

The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Each arm of the chromosome gets pulled to opposite sides of the cell

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 identical daughter cells

25
Q

Meiosis

A

Produces cells which have half the normal number of chromosomes (23)

Only happens in reproductive organs where gametes are made

26
Q

Process of meiosis

A

The DNA replicates to make a copy of itself, forming an ‘X’ shaped chromosome

The chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

Each pair of chromosome gets pulled to opposite sides of the cell, so each new cell only has one copy of each chromosome

They then line up in the middle of the cell again

Each arm of the chromosome gets pulled to opposite sides of the cell

27
Q

Cell division in plants

A

Cell division occurs in the meristem of a plant

28
Q

Stem cells

A

Unspecialised cells capable of developing into many different types of cells (not all)

29
Q

Embryonic stem cells

A

Develop into all the different types of cell in the body

30
Q

Advantages of embryonic stem cells

A

The stem cells produced aren’t rejected by the patients body

They divide and grow rapidly

Can create a wider variety of cells

31
Q

Disadvantages of embryonic stem cells

A

Can kill the embryo, unethical

Expensive to research and develop

Higher risk of cancer or tumors

32
Q

Stem cells becoming specialised

A

A stem cell starts to divide into a stem cell and a tissue

The tissue then divides further becoming more and more specialised

33
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

Produces stem cells with the same genetic make-up as the patient

34
Q

Process of therapeutic cloning

A

The nucleus from a human egg cell is discarded

The cell from a patient has its nucleus removed and placed into the donor egg cell

The cell is stimulated to divide, developing an embryo

After 4-5 days the stem cells are removed

35
Q

Diffusion

A

The net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

36
Q

Factors affecting diffusion

A

The difference in concentrations

The temperature

The surface area of the membrane

37
Q

Adaptations in organisms increasing the rate of diffusion

A

Large surface area

Membrane that is thin, to provide a short diffusion path

Having an efficient blood supply (in animals)

Being ventilated (in animals, for gaseous exchange)

38
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from a high concentration to a low concentration

39
Q

Osmosis practical

A

Set up 6 boiling tubes, each containing the same volume of one of the sucrose solutions

Prepare 6 potato cylinders using a borer and cut the cylinders to the same length

Gently dry each potato cylinder using a paper towel to remove excess liquid and record its mass before placing it into one of the boiling tubes

Leave the potato cylinders in the boiling tubes for 40 minutes

Remove each potato cylinder from its boiling tube, gently remove excess liquid from the surface of the cylinder with a paper towel and record its mass

40
Q

Active transport

A

The movement of dissolved molecules from an area of low concentration to high concentration (against the gradient), requiring energy as a result

Biology (10 decks)

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