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Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A
  • complex
  • include all animal and plant cells
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2
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A
  • small and simpler
  • bacteria
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3
Q

What subcellular structures does an animal have

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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4
Q

Extra things that a plant cell has that animal doesn’t

A

Cell wall
Permanent vacuole
Chloroplasts

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5
Q

What is in a bacterial cell

A

Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Cell wall
Singular strand of DNA
Might have small rings of DNA called plasmids

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6
Q

Formula for magnification

A

Magnification= image size/real size

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7
Q

Light microscopes

A

-use light and lenses
-let us see individual cells and large subcellular structures

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8
Q

Electron microscopes

A

-use electrons to form an image
-have higher magnification and higher resolution
-we can see smaller things in more detail

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9
Q

How to prepare a slide to view onion cells (experiment)

A
  1. Add a drop of water to the middle of a clean slide
  2. Cut up an onion and separate it out into layers. Use tweezers to peel off some epidermal tissue from the bottom of one of the layers
  3. Using the tweezers, place the epidermal tissue into the water on the slide
  4. Add a drop of iodine solution. It is a stain.
  5. Place a coverslip on top. Try not to get air bubbles under as they obtrude the view of the specimen
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10
Q

What is a stain

A

-used to highlight objects in a cell by adding colour to them

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11
Q

How to use light microscope (experiment)

A
  1. Clip the slide onto stage
  2. Select lowest powered objective lens
  3. Use the coarse adjustment knob to move the stage up to just below the objective lens
  4. Look down eyepiece. Use coarse adjustment knob to move the stage downwards until the image is roughly in focus
  5. Adjust focus with fine adjustment knob until you get a clear image of what’s on the slide
  6. If you need to see the slide with greater magnification, swap to a higher powered objective lens and refocus
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12
Q

Name all parts if light microscope

A
  1. Eyepiece
  2. High and low power objective lenses (the long and short bits)
  3. Coarse adjustment knob (big wheel on side)
  4. Fine adjustment knob (smaller wheel on side below stage)
  5. Stage (where slide goes)
  6. Light (below stage)
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13
Q

What is differentiation

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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14
Q

Sperm cell differentiation

A

-differentiate for reproduction
-long tail and streamlined head to help it swim to the egg
-lots of mitochondria in the cell to provide the energy needed
-carries enzymes in its head to digest through the egg cell membrane

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15
Q

Nerve cells differentiation

A

-specialised for rapid signalling
-carry electrical signals from one part if the body to another
-they’re long (to cover more distance)
-have branched connection at their ends to connect to other nerve cells and from a network throughout the body

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16
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains genetic material that controls the activities of the cell

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17
Q

Cytoplasm

A

Gel like substance where most of the chemical reactions happen. Contains enzymes that control these chemical reactions

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18
Q

Cell membrane

A

Holds the cell together and controls what goes in and out

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19
Q

Mitochondria

A

These are where most of the reactions for aerobic respiration take place

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20
Q

Ribosomes

A

Where proteins are made in the cell

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21
Q

Cell wall

A

Made of cellulose, supports cell and strengthens it

22
Q

Permanent vacuole

A

Contains cell sap, weak solution of sugar and salts

23
Q

Chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis occurs. Contains chlorophyll

24
Q

Muscle cells differentiation

A

-Specialised for contractions
-it’s long so they have space to contract
-contain lots of mitochondria to generate energy needed for contraction

25
Root hair cell differentiation
-specialised for absorbing water and minerals -on surface of plant roots -they grow long ‘hairs’ that stick out into the soil -gives big surface area to absorb water and mineral ions from soil
26
Phloem and xylem cell differentiation
-specialised for transporting substances -form tubes which transport substances like food and water around plants -they’re long and joined end to end -xylem are hollow, phloem have very few subcellular structures, so stuff can flow through them
27
What are chromosomes
-23 pairs -coiled up lengths of DNA molecules -carries large number of genes
28
3 phases of cell cycle
Interphase Mitosis Cytokinesis
29
Growth and DNA replication of a cell
1. DNA is all spread out in long strings 2. Before it divides, the cell has to grow and increase amount of subcellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes 3. It then duplicates its DNA so there’s one copy for each new cell 4. The DNA is copied and forms X-shaped chromosomes. Each ‘arm’ of the chromosome is an exact duplicate of the other
30
Mitosis
1. Once DNA has been copied, mitosis takes place 2. The chromosomes line up at the centre of the cell and cell fibres pull them apart. The 2 arms of each chromosome go to opposite end of the cell 3. Membranes from around each of the sets of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells ( the nucleus has divided) 4. Lastly, the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide) The cell has now produced 2 new daughter cells. They’re identical (same DNA) to eachother and the parent cell
31
People against stem cell research
-human embryos = potential human life -curing existing patients who are suffering is more important than the rights of embryos -they argue that embryos used in research and usually ‘unwanted ones’ from partiality clinics which if they weren’t used for research would be destroyed
32
What can stem cells do
They can turn into any type of cell Found in human embryos or adult bone marrow
33
What can embryonic stem cells do
-replace faulty cells in sick people -can make insulin-producing cells for diabetic people -nerve cells for people paralysed by spinal injuries
34
Therapeutic cloning
-an embryo can be made to have the same genetic information as the patient -the stem cells produced would have same genes and wouldn’t be rejected by patients body
35
Risk of stem cells in medicine
-stem cells can become contaminated and carry viruses which could be passed on to the patient and make them sicker
36
What is diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
37
What gives a higher diffusion rate
-bigger concentration gradient , faster diffusion rate -higher temperature gives particles more energy so they move around faster
38
What types of molecules can diffuse through a cell membrane
Small molecules Glucose Amino acids Water
39
What is osmosis
The movement of water particles across a partially permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration
40
What type of membrane does osmosis require
Partially permeable membrane. It has very small holes in it.
41
What type of movement is osmosis
Passive
42
What is active transport
The movement of particles or substances against the concentration gradient (low to high)
43
Cells that use active transport
Root hair cells. Active transport allows the plant to absorb minerals from a very dilute solution against the concentration gradient
44
How much energy does active transport require
A lot of energy from respiration for it to work
45
How are exchange surfaces adapted to maximise effectiveness
-thin membrane so substances only have a short distance to diffuse -large surface area so lots of substance can diffuse at once -in animals they have lots of blood vessels to get stuff in and out of the blood quickly -gas exchange surfaces in animals are often ventilated as well
46
How are alveoli specialised for gas exchange
-large surface area -moist lining (dissolving gasses) -thin walls -good blood supply
47
What is a cell
Basic building blocks that make up living organisms
48
What is a tissue
A group of similar cells that worth together to carry out a particular function
49
What is an organ
A group of different tissue that work together to perform a certain function
50
What is an organ system
A group of organs working together to perform a particular function

Biology (8 decks)

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