Cell Biology Flashcards
Name eight cell structures found in a plant cell.
Cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosome
These structures are essential for various cell functions, including photosynthesis and structural support.
What is the name of the structure missing from a fungal cell that is present in a plant cell?
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, which fungi do not perform.
Which cell type contains plasmids?
Bacterial Cell
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that can carry genes.
Name the site of protein synthesis.
Ribosome
Ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
Name the site of aerobic respiration.
Mitochondria
Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.
What is 3mm in micrometres?
3000 micrometres
1 millimetre equals 1000 micrometres.
Name the process by which substances like oxygen, glucose, and CO2 pass through a cell membrane.
Diffusion
Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
What is the area between a high concentration region and low concentration region called?
Concentration Gradient
This gradient drives the movement of molecules during diffusion.
What is the movement of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane called?
Osmosis
Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion involving water molecules.
What is the term for processes like diffusion and osmosis that do not require energy?
Passive
These processes rely on concentration gradients rather than cellular energy.
If a red blood cell is put into pure water, what happens?
It bursts because water passes into the cell by osmosis
Red blood cells lack a cell wall, making them vulnerable to osmotic pressure.
Fill in the blank: If a red blood cell is put into a concentrated ______, it will shrivel.
Solution
In a concentrated solution, water exits the cell, causing it to shrink.
What happens when a plant cell is put into pure water?
It becomes turgid as water passes in by osmosis
The cell wall prevents the cell from bursting.
What happens when a plant cell is put into a concentrated salt solution?
It becomes plasmolysed as water passes out of the cell by osmosis
What name is given to the process by which a substance is moved from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration against a concentration gradient?
Active Transport
Name the four bases that are found in a chromosome.
- Adenine (A)
- Inosine (I)
- Cytosine (C)
- Guanine (G)
How do the bases pair up on a chromosome?
A-T and C-G
During protein synthesis, which strand is composed from a DNA strand in the nucleus?
Messenger RNA strand
During protein synthesis, which structures are assembled at the ribosome?
Amino Acids are assembled to form a protein
What determines the shape of an active site on an enzyme?
The sequence of amino acids
What do enzymes do to the speed of a reaction?
Speed it up
What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?
They become denatured
What word is used to describe the best set of conditions that an enzyme works at?
Optimum
During genetic engineering which structure is removed from the bacterium and a human gene inserted?
Plasmid
What useful products have been made through genetic engineering?
- Insulin
- Human Growth Hormone
What name is given to the substance that an enzyme works on?
Substrate
What word is used to describe the fact that only one enzyme fits one substrate?
Specific
What is the full name of ATP?
Adenosine Triphosphate
What joins together to make ATP?
Adenosine Diphosphate and Phosphate
Name two processes in the body that require the energy from ATP.
- Muscle Contraction
- Nerve Impulses
- Protein Synthesis
- Cell Division
During the first stage of respiration, what is glucose broken down into?
Pyruvate
What is the first stage of respiration called?
Glycolysis
Where does the first stage of respiration take place?
Cytoplasm
Where does the second stage of respiration take place?
Mitochondria
What is the second stage of respiration called?
Aerobic Respiration
Write the word equation for aerobic respiration.
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + 38 ATP
How many ATPs are made during aerobic respiration?
38 ATP
During exercise when animal cells go through the process of fermentation, what substance is pyruvate broken down into?
Lactate
How many ATPs are made during anaerobic respiration (fermentation)?
2 ATP
If plants respire without oxygen (fermentation) when they have been over-watered, what substance does pyruvate get turned into?
Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide
