Cell Biology

Question 1

Name eight cell structures found in a plant cell.

Answer 1

Cell wall, chloroplast, vacuole, cell membrane, cytoplasm, mitochondria, nucleus, ribosome

These structures are essential for various cell functions, including photosynthesis and structural support.

Question 2

What is the name of the structure missing from a fungal cell that is present in a plant cell?

Answer 2

Chloroplast

Chloroplasts are responsible for photosynthesis, which fungi do not perform.

Question 3

Which cell type contains plasmids?

Answer 3

Bacterial Cell

Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria that can carry genes.

Question 4

Name the site of protein synthesis.

Answer 4

Ribosome

Ribosomes can be found free in the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 5

Name the site of aerobic respiration.

Answer 5

Mitochondria

Mitochondria are often referred to as the powerhouse of the cell.

Question 6

What is 3mm in micrometres?

Answer 6

3000 micrometres

1 millimetre equals 1000 micrometres.

Question 7

Name the process by which substances like oxygen, glucose, and CO2 pass through a cell membrane.

Answer 7

Diffusion

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 8

What is the area between a high concentration region and low concentration region called?

Answer 8

Concentration Gradient

This gradient drives the movement of molecules during diffusion.

Question 9

What is the movement of water from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane called?

Answer 9

Osmosis

Osmosis is a specific type of diffusion involving water molecules.

Question 10

What is the term for processes like diffusion and osmosis that do not require energy?

Answer 10

Passive

These processes rely on concentration gradients rather than cellular energy.

Question 11

If a red blood cell is put into pure water, what happens?

Answer 11

It bursts because water passes into the cell by osmosis

Red blood cells lack a cell wall, making them vulnerable to osmotic pressure.

Question 12

Fill in the blank: If a red blood cell is put into a concentrated ______, it will shrivel.

Answer 12

Solution

In a concentrated solution, water exits the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 13

What happens when a plant cell is put into pure water?

Answer 13

It becomes turgid as water passes in by osmosis

The cell wall prevents the cell from bursting.

Question 14

What happens when a plant cell is put into a concentrated salt solution?

Answer 14

It becomes plasmolysed as water passes out of the cell by osmosis

Question 15

What name is given to the process by which a substance is moved from a region of low concentration to a region of high concentration against a concentration gradient?

Answer 15

Active Transport

Question 16

Name the four bases that are found in a chromosome.

Answer 16

• Adenine (A)
• Inosine (I)
• Cytosine (C)
• Guanine (G)

Question 17

How do the bases pair up on a chromosome?

Answer 17

A-T and C-G

Question 18

During protein synthesis, which strand is composed from a DNA strand in the nucleus?

Answer 18

Messenger RNA strand

Question 19

During protein synthesis, which structures are assembled at the ribosome?

Answer 19

Amino Acids are assembled to form a protein

Question 20

What determines the shape of an active site on an enzyme?

Answer 20

The sequence of amino acids

Question 21

What do enzymes do to the speed of a reaction?

Answer 21

Speed it up

Question 22

What happens to enzymes at high temperatures?

Answer 22

They become denatured

Question 23

What word is used to describe the best set of conditions that an enzyme works at?

Answer 23

Optimum

Question 24

During genetic engineering which structure is removed from the bacterium and a human gene inserted?

Answer 24

Plasmid

Question 25

What useful products have been made through genetic engineering?

Answer 25

• Insulin
• Human Growth Hormone

Question 26

What name is given to the substance that an enzyme works on?

Answer 26

Substrate

Question 27

What word is used to describe the fact that only one enzyme fits one substrate?

Answer 27

Specific

Question 28

What is the full name of ATP?

Answer 28

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 29

What joins together to make ATP?

Answer 29

Adenosine Diphosphate and Phosphate

Question 30

Name two processes in the body that require the energy from ATP.

Answer 30

• Muscle Contraction
• Nerve Impulses
• Protein Synthesis
• Cell Division

Question 31

During the first stage of respiration, what is glucose broken down into?

Answer 31

Pyruvate

Question 32

What is the first stage of respiration called?

Answer 32

Glycolysis

Question 33

Where does the first stage of respiration take place?

Answer 33

Cytoplasm

Question 34

Where does the second stage of respiration take place?

Answer 34

Mitochondria

Question 35

What is the second stage of respiration called?

Answer 35

Aerobic Respiration

Question 36

Write the word equation for aerobic respiration.

Answer 36

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + 38 ATP

Question 37

How many ATPs are made during aerobic respiration?

Answer 37

38 ATP

Question 38

During exercise when animal cells go through the process of fermentation, what substance is pyruvate broken down into?

Answer 38

Lactate

Question 39

How many ATPs are made during anaerobic respiration (fermentation)?

Answer 39

2 ATP

Question 40

If plants respire without oxygen (fermentation) when they have been over-watered, what substance does pyruvate get turned into?

Answer 40

Ethanol + Carbon Dioxide