Cell biology Flashcards
What does an animal cell contain???
Contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes
What does a plant cell contain???
Contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes, chloroplast, vacuole, cell wall
What does a fungal cell contain???
Contains a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes, vacuole, cell wall
What does a bacterial cell contain???
Contains a single circular chromosome, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, plasmids
What does the nucleus contain???
The nucleus contains DNA
What is the role of cytoplasm???
Cytoplasm is the site of chemical reactions
What is the role of cell membrane???
The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell
What is the role of ribosomes???
Ribosomes are involved in synthesis
What is the role of a cell wall???
Provides structure and support for the cell
What is the role of chloroplasts???
Is the site of photosynthesis
What is the role of a vacuole???
is for storing water and other substances
What is the cell wall made out of in a FUNGAL CELL[emphasized since ill misread it]???
chitin
What do some bacterial cells use for movement???
Some bacteria have flagella for movement
What type of cell is a bacterial cell???
Prokaryotic cells with no nucleus
Define diffusion???
Movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Where does diffusion occur???
It occurs in gases and liquids
Is diffusion an active transport or a passive transport???
is a passive process (no energy required).
Define osmosis???
The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane, from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration
Is osmosis an active transport or a passive transport???
is a passive process (no energy required)
Define Active transport???
Movement of particles against a concentration gradient (from low to high concentration) using energy from ATP
does active transport absorb substances???
Active transport allows cells to absorb substances even when they are at lower concentrations outside the cell
What is DNA[hint: the shape + bases + the three main factors of it]???
DNA is a double stranded helix made of nucleotides, each consisting of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine)
What is the role of DNA???
DNA carries genetic information
What is the role of a gene???
Genes contain instructions for making proteins
Describe the process of transcription and translation[hint: where it occurs and what it does]???
Transcription occurs in the nucleus, where a segment of DNA is copied into mRNA (messenger RNA). Translation occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome, where mRNA is used to assemble proteins.
What are proteins made of???
Proteins are made of amino acids
What are some jobs proteins do???
have various functions, including structural support, enzyme activity, transport, and signaling.
define genetic engineering???
Genetic engineering involves modifying an organism’s genome by introducing new DNA sequences. It allows scientists to create organisms with specific traits.
What are some applications of genetic engineering???
Genetic engineering is used in medicine (e.g., producing insulin), agriculture (e.g., creating pest-resistant crops), and industry (e.g., producing biofuels).
What are the steps of genetic engineering???
identify section of DNA that contains required gene from source chromosome;
extract required gene;
extract plasmid from bacterial cell;
insert required gene into bacterial plasmid;
insert plasmid into host bacterial cell to produce a genetically modified (GM) organism;
genetically modified bacterial cell divides and produces the required product.
Does aerobic respiration require oxygen to be present???
Occurs in the presence of oxygen
What does aerobic respiration involve???
It involves glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain
What is the overall equation of aerobic respiration???
Glucose+Oxygen→Carbon Dioxide+Water+Energy (ATP)
Does anaerobic respiration need oxygen???
Occurs without oxygen
What is the product of anaerobic respiration[for both animal and plant cells]
In muscle cells, it leads to the production of lactic acid. In yeast, it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide
Does anaerobic respiration generate more or less ATP compared to aerobic???
It generates less ATP compared to aerobic respiration.
