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Biology🔬🧬 > Cell biology > Flashcards

Cell biology Flashcards

1
Q

Animal cell contents

A

Lysosome, golgi body, mitochondria, centriole, ribosomes, RER, cell membrane, nuclear pore, nucleolus, chromatin, nuclear envelope, vesicle

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2
Q

Plant cells content

A

Nucleolus, vacuole, cell wall, cell membrane, mitochondria, chloroplast, golgi body ribosomes, cytoplasm, nucleus, SER, plasmodesma, nucleus pore and envelope, tonoplast

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3
Q

nucleus

A

Contains DNA codes for protein synthesis- Site of transcription
DNA also provides templates for DNA replication
Bounded by two membranes- envelope, pore: Allows passage of large molecules eg. Mrna
outer membrane is continuous with endoplasmic reticulum

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4
Q

Within the nucleus

A

Granular material in nucleus is nucleoplasm containing chromatin- made of coils of DNA bound to protein during cell division.
condenses into chromosomes
Within the nucleus are 1 or more small spherical bodies called nucleolus

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5
Q

mitochondria content

A

Matrix, outer membrane, inner membrane space, inner membrane, 70S ribosomes, cristae, DNA

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6
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

produces ATP in aerobic respiration

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7
Q

Inter membrane space- mitochondria

A

2 membranes separated by a narrow, fluid filled inter membrane space
Inner membrane is folded inwards to form cristae

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8
Q

organic matrix- mitochondria

definition

A

solution containing compounds eg. Lipids, proteins

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9
Q

Circle of DNA- mitochondria

A

So mitochondrion can replicate and code for some of its proteins and RNA

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10
Q

70s ribosomes- mitochondria

A

allows protein synthesis

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11
Q

Functions of features- mitochondria

A

Some reactions occur in the matrix and other in the inner membrane
Christie provides large service area for attachment of enzymes involved in respiration
Cylinder shape reduces diffusion distance between the edge and the centre- Making aerobic respiration more efficient
muscle cells contain lots of mitochondria as they require more energy for frequent relaxation and contraction

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12
Q

function of chloroplast

A

Occur in the cell of photosynthesizing tissue

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13
Q

Chloroplast content

A

Each chloroplast is surrounded by two membranes comprising chloroplast envelope
Stroma- Fluid filled containing some products of photosynthesis
70s ribosomes and circular DNA- Enable them to make some of their own protein and self replicate

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14
Q

within the stroma

A
  • flattened sacs called thylakoids
  • stack of them called granum’s
    -chlorophyll found in thylakoids
  • arrangements produces large SA efficient for trapping light energy
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15
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Parallel double membranes forming flattened sacks with interconnected fluid filled spaces between them- cisternae

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16
Q

rough ER (RER)

A

Has ribosomes on the outer surface transporting proteins made there
80s manufacturers and transport proteins

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17
Q

smooth ER (SER)

A

Comprises membranes that lack ribosomes, associated with transportation and synthesis of lipids

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18
Q

ribosomes

A

1 large and 1 small subunit
Assembled in a nucleus from rRNA and protein
Involved in protein synthesis
70s found in bacteria and mitochondria
80s in RER

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19
Q

Golgi body function

A

processes and packages proteins

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20
Q

Golgi body features

A

vesicles- contain polypeptides, pinch off RER fusing with stack of membranes, which constitute the golgi body

At the other end of the Golgi, vehicles containing modified proteins are pinched off.
May carry proteins elsewhere in the cell or move to and fuse with the cell membrane, secreting modified proteins by exocytosis

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Small temporary vacuole surrounded by a single membrane- Formed by being pinched off from the golgi body

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22
Q

Lysosome functions

A

Contain and isolate potentially harmful digestive enzymes from the remainder of the cell
Get rid of all damaged organelles by surrounding and digesting them
Digest material taken into the cell
Involved in cell death
Eg. They fuse with a vesicle when white blood sell engulfs bacteria by phagocytosis and their enzyme digest bacteria

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23
Q

Centrioles- in animal cells

A

Located just outside the nucleus
Two rings of microtubules make hollow cylinders positioned at right angles to one another

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24
Q

centriole function

A

Cell division- Centrioles organised microtubules to make the spindle

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25
Vacoule
Fluid filled sac Bounded by a single membrane- tonoplast Contain sap
26
vacuole function
maintains turger your pressure and keeps the cell firm
27
Cell wall
Consists of mostly cellulose- Held together in microfibrils Microfibrils are arrogated into fibres, embedded in polysaccharide matrix- pectin
28
Cell wall functions- transport
Gaps between cellulose fibres make cell wall fully permeable to water and solvents Outside cell called Apoplast Apoplast pathway- main way water crosses plant root
29
cell wall functions- mechanical strength
structure of microfibrils and laminated arrangement makes cell wall very strong When vacuole is full of solution, cell content push against the cell wall- resisting expansion and cell becomes turgid supporting the plant
30
cell wall functions- communication between cells
Has pits which strands of cytoplasm (plasmodesmata) pass Occurs when no cellulose is present to thicken between 2 cells Strands run from 1 cell to the next
31
differences in plant & animal cells cell wall, chlroplast, plasmodesma, vacuole, centrioles,enedgy store
cell wall: A- absent P- present, surrounds cell membrane Chloroplast: A-absent P-present, in cells above ground Plasmodesmata: A- absent P- present Vacuole: A-present, small temperory scattered throughout cell P- present, large permanent,cell sap Centrioles: A- present P- absent from higher plant cells Energy store: A- glycogen P- starch
32
organelles are interrelated
1. Nucleus contains chromosomes- DNA codes proteins 2. Nuclear pore in nuclear envelope allows mRNA molecules, transcribed in DNA, to leave nucleus and attach to ribosomes in cytoplasm 3. ribosomes contain rRNA transcribed from DNA in nucleolus 4. Protein synthesis on ribosomes, produce primary structure proteins 5. Polypeptides on ribosomes move through RER- packaged into vesicles 6. Vehicles bud off R E R carrying polypeptides to golgi body- Modified unfolded 7. Golgi body produces vehicles containing newly synthesised proteins eh. Lysosomes, secretory vesicles to carry proteins to cell membrane 8. Phospholipids and triglycerides move through SER to various areas in the cell
33
Prokaryotic cells: Bacteria
no nucleus Rarely form multicellular structures- unicellular
34
In all prokaryotes
- DNA molecule loose in cytoplasm - Peptidoglycun (murein) -cell wall -70s ribosomes - cytoplasm - cell membrane
35
in some prokaryotes
- Slime coat - flagella - Photosynthetic lamellae holding photosynthetic pigments - Mesosome, possible site for aerobic respiration
36
Differences between P and E cells Length, organelles, dna. Nuclear envelope, cell wall contents , plasmids chloroplasrs, mitochondja, mesosome, ribosomes
length: P- small 1-10 mm E- larger 10-100 mm Organelles: P- none E- membrane bound DNA: P- free in cytoplasm E- combined w protein in chromosomes Nuclear envelope P- none E- double membrane Cell wall P- peptidoglycan (murein) E- cellulose, chitin Plasmids: P- may be present E- absent Chloroplasts: P- none,photosynthetic lamellae E- in some plants Mitochondria: P- none,mesosome E- present Mesosome: P- in some E- absent Ribosomes: P- 70s, free in cytoplasm E- 80s, free in cytoplasm, attached to ER
37
Viruses
- Small, pass through filters trapping bacteria - acellular - no organelles, cytoplasm, chromosomes - outside cell, Virus exists as an inert vision - each virus is made up of core of nucleic acid, surrounding protein coat - bacteriophage virus attack bacteria - crystalised, only reproduce - Take over cells metabolism and multiply inside
38
Level of organisms
Differentiation: development of cells CELL- Smallest self supporting unit of living things TISSUE- Group of more or less similar specialised cells working together with a common purpose ORGAN- A group of different tissue working together with a common purpose ORGAN SYSTEM- Group of several different organs working together for a major body function
39
Epithial tissue
Forms continuous layer, covering or lining of the body surface No blood vessel, may have nerve ending Basement membrane: collagen and protein Protects organs (peritoneum) Secretory (lining of gut, salivary gland) Absorptive (small intestine lining)
40
Types of tissue
Epithelial- covering tissue Connective- Cells with extracellular material connects organs Muscle- Contractile tissue Nervous- electrical tissue
41
cuboidal epithial
One cell thick Found in proximal convoluted tubular of kidney nephron and salivary gland ducts
42
squamous epithelial
Thin flattened cells Found in thin layer surfaces allowing diffusion Forms walls on alveoli and line the Bauman's capsule of Nephron Low friction linings eh. Peritoneum
43
columnar epithelial
Tall elongated cells Functions: Mechanical- Support structure eg gall bladder Secretary- Lots of Golgi to modify proteins eg thyroid gland Absorptive- Small intestine
44
specialised columnar epithelial
Micro Villi increase surface area for absorption Goblet cells make mucus to line the tissue Cillia creates movement
45
Connective tissue
connects, supports or separates tissue and organs Contains elastic and collagen fibres in an extracellular fluid/ matrix Between fibres are fat storing cells (adipocytes) and cells of immune system
46
Cardiac muscle
found in the heart Same striations- lack long fibres of skeletal Contract rhymically without any stimulation- doesn't tire/ cramp
47
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary/ striated muscle Bonds of long cells/ fibres
48
smooth muscle
contracts rhymicaly, occur in blood vessel walls Involuntary muscles, unstriated
49
Plant tissues
Packing- fill bulk of stem, root, leaf Supporting - cell with strong thick wall, support plant Vascular - xylem, pholem: Vascular bundles Protective - protects plant
50
xylem
Transport water and minerals from roots Thickened Angular Wars called vessels line up on top of each other No cytoplasm Water moves through cavity
51
pholem
Transport sugar from leaves to stem and roots Smaller and less thickened walls Line up to form long pipes End walls of cells have perfarations
52
calculation conversions
1000nm= 1 micron 1000 micron= 1mm 1000mm= 1m 1000m=1km 1cm=10mm
53
artifact
Man made distortions and defects
54
Types of microscopes
Light microscope Transmission Electron microscope Scanning electron microscope
55
what causes artifacts
Harsh chemicals and treatments
56
TEM
Electrons pass through thin sections and dense tissue absorbs more electrons It allows to see the ultra structure of a cell Less dense, less absorbing Section through the cell in 2D
57
SEM
Detailed image of surface structure Higher magnification and resolution Samples must be dead because used in vacuum Harsh fixatives 3D
58
Why is a vacuum created in the column
Electron beams are so thin that electrons in the air can block or defect the beam
59
function of a microscope
View cells that can't be seen by the naked eye
60
magnification
Degree to which size of object is enlarged
61
Resolution
Degree to which is possible to distinguish between two objects which are very close together
62
light microscope
No harsh chemicals used can see living cells Low resolution and magnification
63
use of stain
contrast
64
Vibrations in microscope
The microscope must be very stable as vibrations will deflect the beam
65
gold in electron microscope
Reflects images/ objects
66
electron microscope
Greater magnification resolution Uses harsh chemicals therefore specimen is dead
67

Biology🔬🧬 (11 decks)

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