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Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

cells, microscopes, cell transport!!!

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1
Q

Cells can be either?

A

Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic.

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2
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

A plant or animal cell that has a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and its genetic material enclosed in a nucleus.

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3
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

A cell in which the genetic material is not enclosed in a nucleus. Its DNA is found as a loop in the cell and there may be one or more plasmids.

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4
Q

A eukaryote is?

A

An organism that is made up of eukaryotic cells.

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5
Q

A prokaryote is?

A

A prokaryotic cell (it is a single-celled organism)

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6
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

It contains the genetic material which controls the activities of the cell.

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7
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

A gel-like substance where most chemical reactions happen. It contains enzymes to control these reactions.

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8
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

This holds the cell together and controls what goes in or out.

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9
Q

What are the mitochondria?

A

These are where most reactions for aerobic respiration happen.

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10
Q

What are the ribosomes?

A

These are the site of protein synthesis.

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11
Q

What is the cell wall?

A

It is made of cellulose and it supports and strengthens the cell.

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12
Q

What is the permanent vacuole?

A

It contains cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts.

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13
Q

What are the chloroplasts?

A

These are the site of photosynthesis. They contain green chlorophyll which absorbs light.

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14
Q

What do bacteria not have?

A

Chloroplasts, mitochondria or a nucleus.

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15
Q

What do bacteria have instead of a nucleus?

A

A single circular strand of DNA floating freely in the cytoplasm.

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16
Q

What may bacteria cells contain?

A

Small rings of DNA called plasmids.

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17
Q

How do light microscopes work?

A

They use light and lenses to form an image and magnify it.

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18
Q

What do light microscopes let us see?

A

Individual cells and large subcellular structures.

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19
Q

How do electron microscopes work?

A

They use electrons instead of light.

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20
Q

What do electron microscopes let us see?

A

Internal structures of mitochondria and chloroplasts, and smaller things like ribosomes and plasmids.

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21
Q

What is the formula for magnification?

A

magnification = image size / real size

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22
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell?

A

Carry father’s genetic information and fertilise the egg.

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23
Q

How is a sperm cell adapted?

A

Streamlined shape, nucleus contains one set of chromosomes, lots of mitochondria for respiration, contains digestive enzymes.

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24
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell?

A

Transmit electrical impulses around the body.

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25
Q

How is a nerve cell adapted?

A

Long, and lots of dendrites to make connections with lots of other cells.

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26
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell?

A

Contract and relax to bring about movement.

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27
Q

How is a muscle cell adapted?

A

Lots of mitochondria for respiration.

28
Q

What is the function of the root hair cells?

A

Absorb mineral ions and water from soil.

29
Q

How is a root hair cell adapted?

A

Large surface area and lots of mitochondria for respiration.

30
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

Transport water around the plant.

31
Q

How are the xylem adapted for their function?

A

Few cell structures and they are dead for more space and supported by lignin.

32
Q

What is the function of phloem cells?

A

Transport sugars around the plant.

33
Q

How are the phloem cells adapted for their function?

A

Few cell structures and supported by companion cells.

34
Q

What are the advantages of electron microscopes?

A

Higher magnification and higher resolution.

35
Q

What have been the benefits for electron microscopes?

A

Can be used to examine a cell in much finer detail and has led to a better understanding of subcellular structures.

36
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The spreading out of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

37
Q

What substances in animals and plants are transported in and out of cells by diffusion?

A

Oxygen, carbon dioxide and urea.

38
Q

How does the difference in concentration affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Increased concentration gradient increases the rate of diffusion.

39
Q

How does the temperature affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Increased temperature increases the rate of diffusion because particles have more kinetic energy and are moving faster.

40
Q

How does the surface area of the membrane affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Increased surface area increases the rate of
diffusion.

41
Q

How are single-cells organisms adapted for
diffusion?

A

They have a large surface area to volume ratio.

42
Q

How is the small intestine adapted for
exchange?

A
  • It is long and has villi for a large surface area
  • The cell membranes are thin for a short diffusion pathway,
  • There is a rich blood supply to maintain a steep concentration gradient
  • Lots of mitochondria.
43
Q

How are the lungs adapted for exchange?

A
  • Lots of alveoli for a large surface area
  • Thin membrane for a short diffusion pathway
  • Good ventilation and blood supply to maintain a
    steep concentration gradient.
44
Q

How are the gills in a fish adapted for exchange?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Thin membrane for a short diffusion pathway
  • Good ventilation and blood supply to maintain a steep concentration gradient.
45
Q

How are the roots adapted for exchange?

A
  • Large surface area
  • Thin surface membrane for a short diffusion pathway
  • Lots of mitochondria for active transport
46
Q

How are the leaves adapted for exchange?

A

Large surface area and thin for short diffusion
pathway.

47
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water from a dilute to
concentrated solution through a partially
permeable membrane.

48
Q

What is active transport?

A

The movement of substances from a more dilute
solution to a more concentrated solution (against
the concentration gradient). It requires energy.

49
Q

What is an example of active transport in
animals?

A

Absorption of sugar in the gut from a low to high
concentration.

50
Q

What is an example of active transport in
plants?

A

Absorption of mineral ions into plant root hairs.

51
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces?

A

Because they have a smaller surface area compared to their volume.

52
Q

How many chromosomes do humans have?

A

46

53
Q

Why do multicellular organisms use mitosis?

A

To grow or replace damaged cells.

54
Q

What are the two main stages of the cell cycle?

A

Growth and DNA replication, and mitosis.

55
Q

What happens during Growth and DNA replication?

A

The DNA is spread out in long strings. The cell increases the amount of subcellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes. It duplicates its DNA, forming X shaped chromosomes.

56
Q

What happens during mitosis?

A
  1. The chromosomes line up at the center and cell fibres pull them apart
  2. Membranes form around each sets of chomosomes, forming the nuclei
  3. The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
57
Q

Where can stem cells be found?

A

Human embryos, and bone marrow.

58
Q

What is the difference between embryonic and adult stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells can only specialise as certain cells.

59
Q

How can adult stem cells be used to cure disease?

A

They can be used to replace faulty blood cells.

60
Q

How can embryonic stem cells be used to cure disease?

A

Produce insulin-producing cells for people with diabetes.

61
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

Where an embryo is made to have the same generic information as a patient, so the stem cells would contain the same genes and won’t be rejected by the patient.

62
Q

What is a risk of using stem cells in medicine?

A

Stem cells grown in labs may be contaminated by a virus which could be passed on to a patient.

63
Q

Why are some people against stem cell research?

A

They feel that human embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments as they are a potential life. They feel scientists should focus on other methods of obtaining stem cells.

64
Q

Why are some people for stem cell research?

A

Curing existing patients may be more important than the rights of an embryo. Embryos used in research are usually unwanted ones which would be destroyed anyway.

65
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

Meristem.

66
Q

How can stem cells be used in plants?

A

Clones can be created, so more rare species may be grown or disease-resistant strains may be cloned.

Biology (7 decks)

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