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Biology > Organisation > Flashcards

Organisation Flashcards

digestion, blood, heart and plants!!!!!!

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1
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells with a similar structure and
function.

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2
Q

What is an organ?

A

A group of different tissues that perform a
specific function together.

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3
Q

What is an organ system?

A

A group of organs that work together to carry
out a process in the body.

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4
Q

What is the function of the digestive system?

A

An organ system in which several organs work
together to digest and absorb food.

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5
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Biological catalysts with a specific active site
that speed up reactions.

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6
Q

How do enzymes work?

A

The substrate fits into the active site of the
enzyme and the enzyme and substrate binds
together. The reaction happens quickly, and
the products are released.

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7
Q

What effect does temperature have on enzyme
activity?

A

As temperature increases the rate of reaction
increases. At the optimum temperature, the
reaction works as fast as possible. After the
optimum temperature, the enzyme begins to
be denatured and so the enzyme stops
working

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8
Q

How are enzymes denatured by
temperature?

A

The high temperature causes the protein chains
to unravel changing the shape of the active site.

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9
Q

Why do enzymes have an optimum pH?

A

The forces holding the protein chains in
position are affected by pH. A change in pH can
change the shape of the active site.

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10
Q

Where is amylase made in the body?

A

Salivary glands, small intestine and pancreas.

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11
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

Break down starch into glucose.

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12
Q

Where is protease made in the body?

A

Stomach, small intestine and pancreas.

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13
Q

What is the function of protease?

A

Break down proteins into amino acids.

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14
Q

Where is lipase made in the body?

A

Pancreas and small intestine.

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15
Q

What is the function of lipase?

A

Break down lipids into fatty acids and glycerol.

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16
Q

What is the function of digestive enzymes?

A

Convert food into small soluble molecules that
can be absorbed into the bloodstream.

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17
Q

What are the products of digestion used for?

A

Build new carbohydrates, lipids and proteins.
Some glucose is used in respiration.

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18
Q

Where is starch digested in the body?

A

Mouth and small intestine.

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19
Q

Where is protein digested in the body?

A

Stomach and small intestine.

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20
Q

Where are fats digested in the body?

A

Small intestine.

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21
Q

Why is starch not digested in the stomach?

A

The stomach doesn’t produce amylase and the
conditions in the stomach are too acidic for the
amylase to work.

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22
Q

How can the mouth break down starchy foods?

A

The teeth break down the food and the saliva
contains amylase.

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23
Q

Where is bile made?

A

Liver.

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24
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall Bladder.

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25
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

It is alkaline to neutralise hydrochloric acid
from the stomach. It also emulsifies fat to form
small droplets which increases the surface area.
This increases the breakdown of fat by lipase.

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26
Q

What is the heart?

A

An organ that pumps blood around the body in
a double circulatory pump

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27
Q

Why is the heart known as a double pump?

A

Blood enters the heart twice for one circuit
around the body.

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28
Q

What is the route of a blood cell through the
heart?

A

Body -> Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Right
Ventricle -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs ->
Pulmonary Vein -> Left Atrium -> Left Ventricle
-> Aorta -> Body

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29
Q

What is the function of the right ventricle?

A

Pumps blood to the lungs where gas exchange
takes place.

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30
Q

What is the function of the left ventricle?

A

Pumps blood around the rest of the body.

31
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Transport oxygenated blood under high
pressure away from the left ventricle of the
heart.

32
Q

What is the function of the vena cava?

A

Return deoxygenated blood from the body to
the right atrium of the heart.

33
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary artery?

A

Transport deoxygenated blood from the heart
to the lungs.

34
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary vein?

A

Transport oxygenated blood from the lungs to
the heart.

35
Q

How is resting heart rate controlled?

A

Group of cells known as a pacemaker.

36
Q

Where is the natural pacemaker found?

A

Right atrium.

37
Q

What are artificial pacemakers?

A

Electrical devices used to correct irregularities
in the heart rate.

38
Q

What is the function of the arteries?

A

Transport oxygenated blood under high
pressure from the heart to the body.

39
Q

How are the arteries adapted for the function?

A

Narrow lumen, thick elastic walls to withstand
pressure.

40
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

Transport blood to cells.

41
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their function?

A

Narrow so that blood cells pass through them
one by one and have thin walls for a short
diffusion pathway.

42
Q

What is the function of veins?

A

Transport deoxygenated blood under high
pressure from the body to the heart.

43
Q

How are the veins adapted for their function?

A

Thin walls and large lumen due to low pressure.
They have valves to prevent backflow.

44
Q

How can we calculate rate of blood flow?

A

Rate of Blood Flow = Volume of Blood /
Number of Minutes

45
Q

What is blood?

A

A tissue made up of plasma in which red blood
cells, white blood cells and platelets are
suspended.

46
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and
platelets.

47
Q

What is the function of plasma?

A

Transport blood cells and different substances
such as hormones around the body.

48
Q

What is transported in blood plasma?

A

Carbon dioxide, urea, hormones, products of
digestion.

49
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

Transport oxygen around the body.

50
Q

What is the function of white blood cells?

A

Defend the body from infection.

51
Q

How do white blood cells defend from infection?

A

Phagocytosis, produce antibodies, produce
antitoxins.

52
Q

What is the function of the epidermal tissue in plants?

A

Cover the leaf.

53
Q

What is the function of the palisade tissue in plants?

A

Absorb light for photosynthesis.

54
Q

How is the palisade tissue adapted for its
function in plants?

A

They are close towards the upper surface of the
leaf; they are packed with chloroplasts and are
arranged closely together.

55
Q

What is the function of the spongy mesophyll?

A

Gas exchange.

56
Q

How is the spongy mesophyll adapted for its
function?

A

Cells packed loosely to allow gaps between cells
and cells are covered by a thin layer of water
which gases dissolve into.

57
Q

What is the function of the xylem?

A

Transport water and dissolved minerals around
the plant.

58
Q

How is the xylem adapted for its function?

A

They are a dead hollow tube strengthened by
lignin.

59
Q

What is the function of the phloem?

A

Transport sugars around the plant.

60
Q

How is the phloem adapted for its function?

A

The cells do not contain a nucleus and it is
supported by companion cells. The end of each
cell has a sieve plate to allow free movement of
substances from cell to cell.

61
Q

What is the function of meristems?

A

Plant stem cells that differentiate into specialised
cells throughout the life of the plant.

62
Q

Where are meristems found in the plant?

A

Shoots and roots.

63
Q

What are stomata?

A

Small pores on the underside of the lead that
allow gases such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and
water vapour to diffuse through.

64
Q

What is the function of the guard cells?

A

Open and close the stomata to control water loss.

65
Q

What is the function of the roots?

A

Anchorage and absorption of water and mineral
ions.

66
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their
function?

A

Large surface area, thin surface membrane for a
short diffusion pathway and lots of mitochondria.

67
Q

What is absorbed by osmosis by the roots?

A

Water.

68
Q

What is absorbed by active transport by the
roots?

A

Mineral ions.

69
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The transport of water through the xylem from
the roots to the leaf. It does not require energy.

70
Q

What is translocation?

A

The transport of sugar through the phloem both
upwards and downwards. It required energy.

71
Q

What happens to the rate of transpiration if
temperature is increased and why?

A

It increases because there is increased
evaporation from cell surfaces and the rate of
diffusion of water molecules from the leaf is
increased.

72
Q

What happens to rate of transpiration if
humidity decreases and why?

A

It decreases. The increased humidity decreases
the concentration gradient between water in the
leaf and water in the air and so rate of diffusion
of water from the leaf decreases.

73
Q

What happens to the rate of transpiration if air
movement increases and why?

A

It increases. The air flow removes water vapour
from leaf surfaces and so more water diffuses
from the leaf.

74
Q

What happens to the rate of transpiration if light
intensity increases and why?

A

It increases. The light intensity increases the rate
of photosynthesis and so stomata open so there
is increased diffusion of water out of the leaf.

Biology (7 decks)

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