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Biology Paper 1 > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

what makes a cell eukaryotic?

A

it has its genetic material inside of a nucleus

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2
Q

what makes a cell prokaryotic?

A

it’s genetic material is not inside of a nucleus

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3
Q

what are the three main features of a eukaryotic cell?

A
  1. nucleus
  2. cell membrane
  3. cytoplasm
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4
Q

where is the dna stored within a prokaryotic cell?

A
  1. the loop of dna
  2. the plasmids
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5
Q

what are the five main features of a prokaryotic cell?

A
  1. loop of dna
  2. plasmids
  3. cell wall
  4. cell membrane
  5. cytoplasm
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6
Q

give an example of a eukaryotic cell

A

animal
OR
plant
OR
fungi
OR
protista

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7
Q

give an example of a prokaryotic cell

A

bacterial

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8
Q

describe what the cell membrane does

A

controls the substances that come into and out of the cell

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9
Q

describe what the nucleus does

A

controls the activities of a cell

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10
Q

describe what the mitochondria do

A

it’s where aerobic respiration takes place

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11
Q

describe what the ribosomes do

A

proteinsynthesis

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12
Q

describe what the cytoplasm does

A

it’s where the chemical reactions take place

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13
Q

describe what chloroplasts do

A

the chlorophyll within them absorbs light for photosynthesis

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14
Q

describe what the vacuole is and what it does

A

it’s filled with cell sap and helps the plant cell keep it’s shape

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15
Q

describe what the cell wall is and what it does

A

it’s made from cellulose and strengthens the cell

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16
Q

magnification equation

A

magnification = image size
——————
real size

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17
Q

define differentiation

A

the process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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18
Q

examples of specialised cells are…

A

sperm cell, nerve cell, muscle cell

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19
Q

how is a sperm cell adapted for its function? (5)

A
  • streamlined head to help it swim to the egg
  • digestive enzymes in the head to penetrate the egg
  • dna stored within nucleus to produce offspring
  • mitochondria to release energy for the swim to the egg
  • tail to help it swim to the egg
20
Q

what is the function of a nerve cell?

A

to send electrical impulses around the body

21
Q

how is a nerve cell specialised for its function? (4)

A
  • long axon to carry the electrical impulses from one body part to another
  • myelin insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of electrical impulses
  • synapses on the end which have junctions to allow the impulse to pass from one nerve cell to the other
  • dendrites give it a large surface area so other nerve cells can connect more easily
22
Q

how is a muscle cell adapted to its function? (3)

A
  • protein fibres for contractions
  • many mitochondria to provide the energy for contractions
  • cells store glycogen for respiration
23
Q

how is a root hair cell adapted for its function? (2)

A
  • large permanent vacuole to speed up osmosis
  • many mitochondria to release energy for the active transport of mineral ions
24
Q

how is xylem adapted for its function? (2)

A
  • long, hollow tubes for easy movement of water and minerals
  • spirals of lignin which help strengthen the cells and support the plant
25
Q

how is phloem adapted to its function? (2)

A
  • cell walls have sieve plates to allow dissolved food to move easily
  • many mitochondria to release energy for movement of food
26
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

an undifferentiated cell that can give rise to more cells of the same type and differentiate to form other types of cells

27
Q

what is an embryonic stem cell?

A

something that can differentiate into any other type of body cell

28
Q

what is an adult stem cell?

A

something that can only differentiate to form cells found in the blood (e.g. red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets)

29
Q

what is therapeutic cloning?

A
  • where an embryo is made to have the same genetic information as the patient
  • the stem cells produced will therefore also have the same genetic information
  • the patients body won’t reject them when they enter the body during a transplant
30
Q

define diffusion

A

the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

31
Q

what are the three factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A

concentration gradient
- the greater the concentration gradient, the faster diffusion will take place

temperature
- the higher the temperature, the greater the rate of diffusion

surface area
- the larger the surface area, the greater the rate of diffusion

32
Q

how are gills adapted for gas exchange? (4)

A
  • each gill is made of thin plates called gill filaments which give a large surface area
  • gill filaments are covered in lamellae which give the gills and even larger surface area
  • lamellae have lots of blood capillaries, providing good blood supply
  • have a thin surface layer of cells to lessen the distance that the gases have to travel
33
Q

define osmosis

A

the movement of water particles from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration through a partially permeable membrane

34
Q

define active transport

A

the movement of particles from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration

35
Q

what is the difference between diffusion and active transport?

A

active transport requires energy from respiration to make it work whilst diffusion doesn’t

36
Q

what are chromosomes?

A

coiled up lengths of dna molecules

37
Q

define the cell cycle

A

where body cells in multicellular organisms divide to produce new cells

38
Q

what are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A
  1. growth
  2. dna replication
  3. mitosis
39
Q

explain the growth stage of the cell cycle (2)

A
  • in an undivided cell, the dna is spread out in long strings and the small space within the cell isn’t enough to hold them
  • cell has to grow and also increase the amount of sub-cellular structures to be able to provide for the new cell
40
Q

explain the dna replication stage of the cell cycle (2)

A
  • dna is duplicated so that there’s one copy for each cell
  • they both have exactly the same dna in each ‘arm’ of the x-shaped chromosome
41
Q

explain the mitosis stage of the cell cycle (5)

A
  • chromosomes line up in the centre of the cell
  • cell fibres pull the chromosomes apart, splitting the two arms down the middle and pulling them to opposite sides of the cell
  • cell membranes form around the sets of chromosomes
  • these cell membranes become the nuclei of the two new cells
  • cell membrane and cytoplasm divide
42
Q

how many daughter cells are produced by mitosis?

A

two

43
Q

give two ways embryonic stem cells can be used to cure disease

A
  1. can make insulin-producing cells for someone with diabetes
  2. can make nerve cells for someone that is paralysed by spinal injuries
44
Q

where are stem cells found in a plant?

A

the meristems

45
Q

what can the stem cells be used to do within plants? (3)

A
  • to produce clones of whole plants quickly and cheaply
  • to grow more plants of rare species to save them from extinction
  • can also be used to grow crops of identical plants that have desired features for farmers (disease resistance)

Biology Paper 1 (5 decks)

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