Cell Biology 1

Question 1

What do organelles allow the cell to do?

Answer 1

Grow, divide, and specialize

Question 2

What is the city hall of the cell?

Answer 2

Nucleus

Question 3

What is the nucleus responsible for?

Answer 3

DNA storage and transcription (blueprints for proteins)

Question 4

Where is the nucleus located?

Answer 4

enclosed within the nuclear membrane

Question 5

What is the powerhouse of the cell?

Answer 5

Mitochondria

Question 6

What are mitochondria responsible for?

Answer 6

ATP production

Question 7

T/F: Mitochondria have their own DNA.

Answer 7

T

Question 7

What does the number of mitochondria indicate?

Answer 7

metabolic demands of the cell

Question 8

What is the primary production plant of the cell?

Answer 8

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 9

What are RER studded with and what are their role?

Answer 9

ribosomes; synthesize proteins

Question 10

The RER is continuous with what structure?

Answer 10

nuclear envelope

Question 11

What is the accessory production plant of the cell?

Answer 11

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 12

What is SER responsible for (2 things)?

Answer 12

lipid and steroid synthesis (cell membrane maintenance and communication) AND detox of cell

Question 13

Differences between SER and RER (2)?

Answer 13

SER more tubular than RER and not continuous with nuclear envelope

Question 14

Two functions of Golgi apparatus?

Answer 14

packages proteins in membrane-bound vesicles for transport, determines where the protein will go based on special sugar tag, GENERALLY allow cells to specialize

Question 15

What is the post office of the cell?

Answer 15

Golgi apparatus

Question 16

What are the recycling centers of the cell?

Answer 16

Lysosome and peroxisome

Question 17

What are lysosomes composed of? Shape?

Answer 17

sphere full of enzymes

Question 18

What are lysosomes responsible for?

Answer 18

hydrolyzing substances that cross the cell membrane (mostly proteins)

Question 19

What type of pH do enzymes need in lysosomes to activate? WHY?

Answer 19

acidic; acts as a protective measure

Question 20

What do peroxisomes do?

Answer 20

degrading fatty acids and ROS molecules

Question 21

What is the fluid mosaic model?

Answer 21

plasma membrane is a mosaic of molecular components that move freely throughout the membrane

Question 22

What are ROS?

Answer 22

reactive oxygen species, VERY damaging to cells

Question 23

What are the four functions of the cell membrane? DEFINE them.

Answer 23

Exclusion- keep things out
Consumption- bring in nutrients
Excretion- cellular waste/hormones
Communication- physically/chemically
Pneumonic: ECEC

Question 24

What are the four primary components of the plasma membrane?

Answer 24

Phospholipids Cholesterol Proteins Carbohydrates

Question 25

Explain the components of the phospholipid bilayer.

Answer 25

Hydrophilic heads face outward Hydrophobic tails face inward

Question 26

What is the function of hydrophobic tails?

Answer 26

Form a waterproof barrier

Question 27

What is the function of hydrophilic heads?

Answer 27

communication with intra and extra cellular fluids

Question 28

What are the two types of proteins? Difference?

Answer 28

Integral and peripheral proteins Integral have one hydrophobic region and peripheral do not have a hydrophobic region

Question 29

What does cholesterol help with? HOW?

Answer 29

Maintains fluidity of membrane in fluctuating temperatures; stops phospholipids from packing too tightly in low temperatures AND maintains rigidity in high temperatures

Question 30

What is the function of an integral protein's hydrophobic region?

Answer 30

Keeps them anchored to the interior of the membrane

Question 31

Where are peripheral proteins found?

Answer 31

Inside or outside of the cell membrane

Question 32

Where are carbohydrates found? Bound to?

Answer 32

Outside of the membrane; bound to lipids or proteins

Question 33

What is the function of peripheral proteins?

Answer 33

facilitate communication and coordination between cells

Question 34

What are carbohydrates important for? Example?

Answer 34

intercellular communication and recognition; immune system function

Question 35

What is simple diffusion?

Answer 35

movement of molecules down their conc gradient across the cell membrane

Question 35

What transport utilizes diffusion? Definition?

Answer 35

Passive; particles move down their conc gradient from high to low

Question 36

Two types of cellular transport? Difference?

Answer 36

Active and passive; actives requires energy

Question 37

What is osmosis?

Answer 37

diffusion of water molecules from low solvent conc to high solvent conc

Question 38

What direction do active transport particles move?

Answer 38

against their concentration gradients

Question 39

What is facilitated diffusion?

Answer 39

diffusion that requires a membrane transport channel protein

Question 40

What is primary active transport? Example?

Answer 40

the direct utilization of ATP for energy in order to transport particles across the cell membrane; Sodium-potassium pump

Question 41

What is secondary active transport?

Answer 41

Use of the energy of one type of particle moving down its gradient to power another particle against its gradient

Question 41

What are symporters?

Answer 41

move both types of molecules in the same direction across the membrane

Question 42

What are antiporters?

Answer 42

Move the two types of molecules in opposite direction

Question 43

What does secondary active transport require? Why?

Answer 43

primary active transport; to establish necessary gradients

Question 44

Three types of protein filaments that comprise cytoskeleton from smallest to largest?

Answer 44

Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules

Question 44

What are microfilaments? Functions?

Answer 44

thin strands of actin protein monomers; movements, structure, tracks for transport

Question 45

What is cytoskeleton?

Answer 45

Network of filaments throughout the cell and cell membrane

Question 46

Functions of cytoskeleton?

Answer 46

Support/Shape Organization of organelles Infrastructure for vesicular movement Movement

Question 47

What are tight junctions? Example?

Answer 47

Waterproof (impermeable barrier to separate fluids of either side of tissue), connection points between cells; epithelial tissue of the bladder

Question 47

What are the functions of microtubules?

Answer 47

resist compression forces aid in vesicular transport form the spindle during mitosis

Question 47

Shape, location, and function of gap junctions? Example?

Answer 47

donut shaped rings of transmembrane proteins, aligned between two cells, forms a channel that crosses the membrane of both cells connecting their cytoplasms; cardiomyocytes

Question 47

What are spot welds formally known as?

Answer 47

desmosomes

Question 48

What are intermediate filaments? Functions? Example?

Answer 48

thicker strands of proteins; bear tension, shape, keep organelles in place; keratin

Question 49

Three different types of cell adhesion?

Answer 49

Gap junctions, desmosomes, tight junctions

Question 49

Function of desmosomes? Example?

Answer 49

Allows for stretch without tearing, connection; keratinocytes

Question 50

What are the three germ layers?

Answer 50

Endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

Question 51

What layer is endoderm? Example of locations of endoderm?

Answer 51

Inner; GI tract, pulmonary system, thymus, liver, pancreas

Question 52

What layer is mesoderm? Examples of locations found?

Answer 52

Middle; muscle, blood vessels, endocrine glands

Question 53

Layer of ectoderm? Examples?

Answer 53

Outer; epidermis, hair, nasal cavity, mouth, anus