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BioChem 1st Shifting > Cell Biochemistry > Flashcards

Cell Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

complicated and highly organized

A

organisms

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2
Q

actively engaged in energy transformation

A

living system

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3
Q

flows from photosynthetic organisms through food chains to herbivores and on to carnivores at the apex of the food pyramid

A

solar energy

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4
Q

what is the bond formed by H, C, N, O

A

covalent bond

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5
Q

What is the most predominant biomolecule on Earth’s crust?

A

O (47%)

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6
Q

What are the 11 most predominant biomolecules on Earth’s crust (arranged from most to least abundant)

A

O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Ti, H, C

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7
Q

What is the most predominant biomolecule in seawater?

A

Cl-

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8
Q

What are the 9 present biomolecules in seawater?

A

Cl-, Na+, Mg2+, So4 2-, Ca2+, K+, HCO3-, No3-, HPO4 2-

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9
Q

What is the most predominant biomolecule in the human body?

A

H

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10
Q

What are the 11 most abundant biomolecules in the human body?

A

H, O, C, N, Ca, P, Cl, K, S, Na, Mg

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11
Q

How many percent of the human body is hydrogen?

A

63%

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12
Q

How many percent of the human body is oxygen?

A

25.5%

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13
Q

How many percent of the human body is carbon?

A

9.5%

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14
Q

How many percent of the human body is nitrogen?

A

1.4%

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15
Q

How do inorganic precursors turn to cells?

A

inorganic precursors
metabolites
building blocks
macromolecules
supramolecular complexes
organelles
cells

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16
Q

_____ profoundly influence the structures and behaviors of all biological molecules

A

weak forces

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17
Q

What are the four weak forces?

A

Van de Waals Interactions
Hydrogen Bonds
Ionic Interactions
Hydrophobic Interactions

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18
Q

_____ is mediated by weak chemical forces

A

biomolecular recognition

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19
Q

_____ restrict organisms to a narrow range of environmental conditions

A

weak forces

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20
Q

How much time does it take for an electron transfer to occur?

A

10^-15 seconds

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21
Q

the period of evolution, from the first appearance of organisms to today

A

10^18 seconds

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22
Q

A single membraned-cell with no nucleus or organelles

A

prokaryotic cells

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23
Q

The light reactions in photosynthesis

A

Electron transfer

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24
Q

Who designed a thousand DNA segments and combined them to make a synthetic version of the genome of Mycobacterium mycoides, which, when transferred into the cytoplasm of a related species, produced new self-replicating cells?

A

J. Craig Venter

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25
Q

_____ opens the possibilities for creation of life forms for specific purposes – e.g., oil-eating bacteria that can synthesize molecules such as drugs

A

Venter’s work

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26
Q

Genetic elements enclosed in a protein coat

A

viruses

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27
Q

True or false. Viruses are free-living organisms and can reproduce only within cells.

A

False. Viruses are not free-living

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28
Q

What are the six major features of prokaryotic cells?

A

Cell wall, cell membrane, nuclear area or nucleoid, ribosomes, storage granules, cytosol

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29
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Mechanical support, shape, and protection against swelling in hypotonic media

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30
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Highly selective permeability barrier that controls the entry of most substances into the cell

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31
Q

What is the function of the nuclear area/nucleoid?

A

Provides the operating instructions for the cell; the repository of the cell’s genetic information

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32
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Sites of protein synthesis; mRNA binds to ribosomes then specifies the protein that is synthesized

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33
Q

What is the function of the storage granules?

A

Liberated and degraded by energy-yielding pathways when needed as metabolic fuel

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34
Q

What is the function of the cytosol?

A

Site of the intermediary metabolism, the interconnecting sets of chemical reactions by which cells generate energy and form the precursors for biosynthesis

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35
Q

What is the function of the extracellular matrix?

A

Complex coating that is cell specific and serves in cell-cell recognition and communication, creates cell adhesion, and provides a protective outer layer

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36
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Repository of genetic information encoded in DNA and organized into chromosomes

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37
Q

What is the function of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and ribosomes?

A

A labyrinth organelle where both membrane proteins and lipids are synthesized

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38
Q

What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A

Involved in packaging and processing of macromolecules for secretion and for delivery to other cellular compartments

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39
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Power plants of eukaryotic cells where carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids are oxidized to CO2 and H2O

40
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes?

A

Intracellular digestion of materials entering the cell via phagocytosis and pinocytosis and controlled degradation of cellular components

41
Q

What is the function of the peroxisomes?

A

Act to oxidize certain nutrients, such as amino acids

42
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Determines the shape of the cell and gives it its ability to move; also mediates the internal movements that occur in the cytoplasm

43
Q

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

A

Site of photosynthesis which light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP

44
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria in plant cells?

A

Main source of energy generation in photosynthetic cells in the dark and in nonphotosynthetic cells under all conditions

45
Q

What is the function of the vacuoles?

A

Transport and storage of nutrients and cellular waste products; allows the plant cell to grow dramatically in size with no increase in cytoplasmic volume

46
Q

Covered with a flexible and sticky layer of complex carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids

A

Extracellular matrix

47
Q

Roughly 50:50 lipid : protein as a 5-nm thick continuous sheet of lipid bilayer

A

Cell membrane (plasma membrane)

48
Q

Separated by a double membrane, the nuclear envelope

A

Nucleus

49
Q

Flattened sacs of internal membrane densely packed into helical arrays that extend throughout the cytoplasm of the cell and enclose a large interconnecting series of volumes called cisternae

A

Endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes

50
Q

An asymmetrical system of flattened membrane-bounded vesicles often stacked into a complex

A

Golgi apparatus

51
Q

Surrounded by two membranes that differ markedly in their protein and lipid composition

A

Mitochondria

52
Q

Vesicles 0.2-0.5 um in diameter, bounded by a single membrane; contain hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases and nucleases

A

Lysosomes

53
Q

0.2-0.5 um single-membrane-bounded vesicles; contain a variety of exidative enzymes that use molecular oxygen

A

Peroxisomes

54
Q

Composed of a network of protein filaments

A

Cytoskeleton

55
Q

Have double-membrane envelope, an inner volume called stroma, and an internal membrane system rich in thylakoid membranes

A

Chloroplasts

56
Q

The most obvious compartment in plant cells; very large vesicle enclosed by a single membrane called the tonoplast

A

Vacuole

57
Q

Examples of biochemical reaction (2)

A

Glycolysis and Krebs cycle

58
Q

4 biomolecules in organisms

A

Proteins
Nucleic acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids

59
Q

The instructions for growth, development, and reproduction are encoded in each organism’s _____

A

nucleic acid

60
Q

“before the nucleus”

A

Prokaryote

61
Q

“true nucleus”

A

Eukaryote

62
Q

Single-celled eukaryote (yeast)

A

Paramecium

63
Q

True or false. Prokaryotes have nucleus

A

False. No definite nucleus; DNA present but not separate from rest of cell

64
Q

Where is the enzyme for oxidation situated in prokaryotes

A

Plasma membrane (no mitochondria)

65
Q

2 definite membranes of prokaryotes

A

-cells wall
-plasma membrane

66
Q

The interior of the prokaryotes consists of _____ and ____

A

Cytoplasm, nucleoid region

67
Q

Inclusion of cytoplasm of prokaryote

A

Ribosomes, various RNAs, proteins (enzymes), and small molecules

68
Q

A single circular molecule of naked DNA

A

bacterial chromosome

69
Q

Inclusions of eukaryotic cell

A

o Membrane-bound organelles
o Cytoplasmic membranes
o Other structures that lack surrounding membranes

70
Q

Thin film of lipid and protein molecules held together by noncovalent interactions

A

Cell membrane

71
Q

Functions of cell membrane

A

o Define and compartmentalize the cell
o Serve as scaffold for biochemical activities
o Provide selectively permeable barrier
o Provide means of transporting solutes
o Play a role in cell-to-cell communication and detection of external signals

72
Q
  • Principal feature that distinguishes eukaryotic from prokaryotic cells
A

Nucleus

73
Q

Serves both as repository of genetic information and as the cell’s control center

A

Nucleus

74
Q

Process involved in the nucleus (3)

A

DNA replication, transcription, and RNA processing

75
Q

Plays a critical role in the generation of useful energy derived from the breakdown of lipids and carbohydrates

A

Mitochondria

76
Q

True or false. Mitochondria possess its own DNA encoding for tRNA, rRNA, and some proteins

A

True

77
Q

Most mitochondrial proteins are synthesized on _____

A

free ribosomes

78
Q

Can harness solar energy to convert CO2 & H2O into carbohydrates

A

Chloroplast

79
Q

True or false. Chloroplast need other organelles to synthesize their own amino acids, fatty acids, and lipid components of their own membranes

A

False. They synthesize their own

80
Q

Where does the reduction of NO2- to NH3 occur?

A

Chloroplast

81
Q

A network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs that extends from the nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm

A

ER

82
Q

Largest organelle in the cell

A

ER

83
Q

Consist of flattened sheets that is continuous to the outer nuclear membrane

A

RER

84
Q

Characterized by the presence of ribosomes on the cytosolic side of the membrane

A

RER

85
Q

Shape of SER

A

Tubular

86
Q

Involve in lipid metabolism

A

SER

87
Q

Cellular processes involving SER (2)

A

Drug detoxification
Carbohydrate metabolism and synthesis of neutral fats, phospholipids, and steroid

88
Q

Consists of a series of flattened, membranous sacs (cisternae) involved in modifying, sorting, and packaging of macromolecules for secretion or for export to other organelles

A

Golgi complex

89
Q

Golgi complex is formed by _____

A

fusion of vesicle that bud off the ER

90
Q

Membrane-enclosed organelle the functions to degrade materials taken into the cell and to digest worn out cell components

A

Lysosome

91
Q

Lysosome contains about _____ different hydrolytic enzymes that can _____

A

50, breakdown macromolecules

92
Q

Small, membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes in variety of metabolic reactions

A

Peroxisomes

93
Q

Complex networks of protein filaments extending throughout the movement of the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

94
Q

Three principal types of cytoskeleton

A

Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

95
Q

Also called the microtubule organizing center and it aids in cellular division

A

Centrosome

96
Q

Functions as storage depots for nutrients wastes, and specialized materials such as pigments

A

Vacuole

BioChem 1st Shifting (7 decks)

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