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Summer Sem 1 Final Exam Prep > Cell Bio Final > Flashcards

Cell Bio Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is an anabolic reaction?

A

Process of building molecules. ex protein synthesis

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2
Q

What is a catabolic reaction?

A

Process of breaking down molecules. ex breaking down triglycerides for energy

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3
Q

Where do we find energy in ATP or GTP molecules?

A

Available energy is containted in the bonds between phosphates and is released when they are broken through hydrolysis (adding a water molecule)

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4
Q

6 forms of energy in cells

A
  • synthetic work
  • mechanical work
  • concentration work
  • electrical work
  • heat
  • bioluminescence and fluorescence
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5
Q

Synthetic work definition and example

A

Change in chemical bonds, formation of bonds through building larger macromolecules.
Ex. proteins, lipids, carbs - glycogen

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6
Q

Biosynthesis definition

A
  • Biosynthesis: formation of new chemical bonds + synthesis of new chemical molecules
  • Increase in cell size as a consequence
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7
Q

Mechanical work definition

A
  • Change in location/orientation
  • any part of the cell generating movements
    ex. enzymes
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8
Q

Concentration work definition

A
  • Moving molecules/solutes against their concentration gradient
  • Molecules that can move across the membrane
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9
Q

Electrical work def

A
  • Similar to concentration work except this process involves the movement of ions
  • example: establishment and maintenance of membrane potential
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10
Q

Heat definition

A

By product of converting potential energy to kinetic energy

  • ~60% of energy from ATP production is “lost” as heat
    ex shivering
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11
Q

Bioluminescence & Fluorescence

A

Bioluminescence: Production of light via ATP or chemical oxidation

  • Fluorescence: Production of light after absorbing light at a different wave length
  • examples: fireflies, some jellyfish, luminescent mushrooms
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12
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A
  • Law of conversation of energy
  • you can no create nor destroy energy, just change its form
  • “in every physical or chemical change, the total amount of energy in the universe remains constant”
  • eg. potential to kinetic and/or heat
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13
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A
  • in every chemical or physical change, the universe always tends towards greater disorder
  • Disorder = entropy (S)

second law tells us:

  • in which direction a reaction will proceed
  • energy released
  • how certain condition affect the reaction
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14
Q

Endo vs exothermic

A

Endo: requires energy to be added
eg. photosynthesis
Exo: releasing energy
eg. oxidation of glucose

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15
Q

Gibbs Free Energy

A

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

G= gibbs free energy
H= enthalpy
T= temperature
S= Entropy

ΔG < O: Exergonic, releases energy
ΔG > 0: endergonic, requires energy
ΔG = 0: equilibrium

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16
Q

Redox reaction = reduction & oxidation

A

Oxidation: removing/loss of electrons
Reduction: addition/gain of electrons

always coupled reactions

often involves transfer of hydrogen atoms rather than free electrons

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17
Q

How do humans obtain energy?

A

Breakdown of food: glucose/sugars to get energy

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18
Q

Activation energy

A

the minimum amount of energy required in order for the reactants to react and give rise to the final product

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19
Q

Transition state

A
  • intermediate stage where free energy is greater than that of initial reactants
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20
Q

Metastable state

A
  • state in which molecules in a cell are thermodynamically favorable but stable and have inefficient energy to exceed the EA barrier
  • reactants are in a metastable state
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21
Q

Reaction speed

A

More molecules have enough energy to undergo the reaction due to changing temperature

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22
Q

Catalysts

A

Organic catalysts will increase the reaction speed 10^7 to 10^17 times

Catalyst: a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change

23
Q

Basic properties of all catalysts

A
  1. lower the activation energy
  2. formation of transient and reversible complexes with substrates
  3. change only the rate
    - Almost all catalysts within cells are organic (mostly protein enzymes)
24
Q

Active site

A
  • where substrate/reactant binds and reaction occurs
  • made of amino acid (R groups)
  • form transient bonds with substrate
  • enzyme is specific for the substrate and reaction
25
Q

How does the substrate bind to the enzyme?

A
  • collision must occur
  • correct orientation
  • hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds

Induced fit: when enzyme binds to substrate

26
Q

How does the enzyme activate the substrate?

A
  1. bond distortion
  2. proton transfer
  3. electron transfer
27
Q

Overcoming the activation energy

A

1) increase temperature

2) lower activation energy with catalyst

28
Q

Review schematics and graphs for enzymes lecture

A

Also review equations for enzymes

29
Q

Myelin shealth

A

protect nerve, insulation to speed up signal; propagation

30
Q

Nodes of ranvier

A

unmyelinated regions of axon

31
Q

Axon hillock

A

Known as trigger zone, where action potentials start

condensed region with high amount of Na+ voltage gated channels

32
Q

What contributes to a negative resting membrane potential in neurons?

A

think ions wanting to move with their concentration gradient:
high K+ inside, low K+ outside
Low Na+ inside, high Na+ outisde
Low Cl- inside, high Cl- outisde
sodium-potassium pump: acting and balancing against the concentration gradient movement

33
Q

Proteins involved in resting membrane potential

A

Leak channels provide uniport, facilitated transport (channel proteins)

facilitated transport: requires protein to allow molecules to down their concentration gradient (no atp)

ATPase: form of active primary transport, requires ATP to drive molecules against their concentration gradient

34
Q

equilibrium potential

A

electrical potential = concentration gradient

when equal, no net movement across the membrane

35
Q

Action Potential (based off review graph)

A

1) resting membrane potential: both sodium and potassium voltage gated channels are closed
2) Depolarization: sodium channels open (allows sodium into the cell), potassium stays closed
3) Repolarization: potassium opens (allows potassiums to leave cell) , sodium close and deactivate
4) Hyperpolarization: sodium closed, potassium remains open to over polarize cell

36
Q

Electrical signal transmission

A

passive spread - slow

propagation - fast

37
Q

Steps to make protein Helicase to unwind DNA for replication

A

1) transcription: of mRNA in the nucleus
2) Nuclear export of mRNA
3) Translation: mRNA to protein
4) Protein Folding: then nuclear import back into nucleus

38
Q

Meioisis

A

Makes distinct gametes (diploid - haploid)

39
Q

Mitosis

A

Clones body cells (diploid - diploid)

40
Q

PMAT for Mitosis

A

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

41
Q

Histones

A

Proteins with a high concentration of lysine and arginine

42
Q

How is DNA packaged in eukaryotes?

A

1) DNA + Histones = nucleosomes
2) packaged nucleosomes = chromatin fibers
3) highly folded chromatin = heterochromatin
3) during cell division, replicated DNA = chromosomes

43
Q

Hetero vs euchromatin

A

heterochromatin: tightly packed DNA
euchromatin: loosely packed chromatin under active transcription

44
Q

Telomeres and centromere

A

telemere: region of repetitive nucelotide sequence at each end of a chromosome
centromere: specialized DNA sequence that links together sister chromatids

45
Q

DNA polymerase

A

function: catalyzes elongation of DNA

46
Q

DNA repair - Repair of Depurination & Deamination

A

1) depurinated and deaminated bases are detected
2) endonuclease
3) cleave the backbone at the damaged area
4) replace with proper base

47
Q

Mitosis Prophase key characteristics

A

1) chromatin condensation
2) nuclear membrane degradation
3) centrosome migration

48
Q

Mitosis Metaphase key characteristics

A

1) no more nuclear membrane

2) alighment of fully condensed sister chromatids

49
Q

Mitosis Anaphase

A

Shortest phase

pulling apart of the sister chromatids towards each end of the cell

50
Q

Mitosis Telophase

A

chroomsome uncoiling
new nuclear membrane forming
cytokinesis occurs

51
Q

Cell cycle checkpoints

A

1) G1 - S: controls whether cell cycle will be completed, restriction point
2) G2 - M: checks for DNA damage

52
Q

Introns

A

nucleotide sequence found in primary RNA strand but not in function RNA molecule

53
Q

Exons

A

nucleotide sequence found in primary RNA and functional RNA molecule

Summer Sem 1 Final Exam Prep (3 decks)

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