Anatomy Final Flashcards
1
Q
2 layers of pericardium
A
Fibrous: thick, extends from roots of great vessell to diaphragm. prevent overfilling of heart
Serous:
- visceral (deep, right on surface of heart)
- parietal (immediately deep to fibrous)
2
Q
2 landmarks when locating coronary vessels
A
Atrioventicular & interventricular groove
3
Q
To observe coronary arteries, you must reflect…
A
right & left auricles
4
Q
Major branches of left coronary artery
A
1) Circumflex artery, branches out by atrioventricular groove
2) Anterior interventricular artery, runs by the interventricular groove
5
Q
Major branches of right coronary artery
A
1) Sinoatrial nodal artery, by the location of the SA node
2) Marginal artery: inferior margin of the heart
3) Posterior interventricular artery: runs posterior to the heart, takes a 90 degree turn to “meet” with anterior interventricular artery
6
Q
All venous blood of the heart heads towards the ____ which empties into the _____, with the exception of _________
A
Coronary sinus, right atrium, anterior cardiac veins which empties directly into the right atrium
7
Q
Exists between the atria and ventricles to allow one way blood flow
A
Right AV valve (tricuspid): between right atrium and right ventricle
Left AV valve (bicuspid/mitral): between left atrium and left ventricle
8
Q
What is “try before you buy”?
A
Tricuspid comes before the bicuspid in terms of blood flow
9
Q
3 components of AV valves
A
1) Cusps
2) Tendinous Cords
3) Papillary Muscles
10
Q
Where are aortic and pulmonary semilunar valves found and what is their purpose?
A
found in pulmonary aorta and pulmonary trunk
they close to prevent blood from flowing back into ventricles during ventricular diastole (relaxation)
They open during ventricular systole to allow blood to pump out of ventricles
Aortic semilunar valve: left ventricule
Pulmonary semilunar valve: right ventricle
11
Q
Fossa ovalis
A
area receiving fetal blood flow
12
Q
Components in the superior mediastinum
A
Brachiocephalic veins: combine to form superior vena cava
Arch of aorta (3 parts):
1) brachiocephalic trunk
- right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery
2) left common carotid artery
3) left subclavian
Trachea & Esophagus
Azygos Vein (right blue thorax): receives venous blood from intercostal spaces, empties into SVC
13
Q
Major structures present in posterior mediastinum
A
Esophagus
Descending/thoracic aorta
- Supplies blood to:
- intercostal spaces (posterior intercostal arteries)
- Esophagus
- Pericardium
- Lungs (bronchial arteries)
- Diaphragm (phrenic arteries)
2 nerves: vagus and phrenic
14
Q
Methods of inspiration
A
Drop in intrathoracic pressure allows air to flow into lungs through:
- Intercostal muscle contraction: sternum and ribs left, increased anterior-posterior dimension
- Diaphragm contraction: diaphragm drops, increased vertical dimension
15
Q
3 openings in diaphragm
A
vena cava aperture
esophageal hiatus
aortic hiatus
16
Q
4 muscles of anterolateral abdominal wall
A
- External oblique
- internal oblique
- transversus abdominus
- rectus abdominus
17
Q
Major functions of anterolatearl abdominal wall
A
- support and protect abdominal viscera
- alter intra-abdominal pressure
- move trunk
- help maintain posture
18
Q
Components of pelvic girdle
A
Sacrum
2 hip bones made up of ilium, ischium, pubis
19
Q
Posterior abdominal wall muscles
A
Iliopsoas: psoas major & iliacus
Quadratus Lumborum
20
Q
Iliopsoas actions & innervation
A
Flex thigh at hip, flex vertebral column, stabilize hip
Psoas major: L2-L4 anterior rami
Iliacus: femoral n.
21
Q
QL action & innervation
A
extends & lateral flex vertebral column
Anterior rami of T12-L4
22
Q
Lumbosacral plexus
A
Lumbar Plexus: Anterior rami of L1-L4 (muscles of anterior and medial thigh)
Sacral Plexus: anterior rami of L4-L5, S1-S4 (muscles of gluteal region) - sciatic n.: posterior thigh, leg, foot
23
Q
which n. exit through greater sciatic foramen
A
gluteal and sciatic n.
24
Q
which n. is deep to inguinal ligament?
A
femoral n.
25
Nerves that make up Lumbar Plexus (review schematic and cadaver!!!)
- Illiohypogastric nerve (L1)
- Illioinguinal nerve (L1)
- Genitofemoral nerve (L1-L2)
- Lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh (L2-L3)
- Femoral nerve (L2-L4)
- Obturator Nerve (L2-L4)
26
Landmark for iliohypogastic and ilioinguinal nerves
quadratus lumborum
27
Landmark for genitofemoral n
psoas major
28
landmark for lateral cutaneous n. of thigh
iliacus
29
landmark for femoral and obturator n.
psoas major
30
Muscles that make up wall of pelvic cavity
obturator internus
| piriformis
31
muscles that make up floor of pelvic cavity
```
Levator Ani
- puborectalis
- pubococcygeus
- iliococcygeous
Ischiococcygeus
```
32
Glute Max: origin, insertion, action, innervation
Origin:
- Ilium: posterior to posterior gluteal line
- sacrum
- sacrotuberous ligament
Insertion:
- Gluteal tuberosity of femur
- lateral condyle of tibia via iliotibial tract
Action:
- Extension of femur
- lateral rotation of femur
- abduction of femur (upper fibers)
- adduction of femur (lower fibers)
Innervation: inferior gluteal nerve
33
Glute Med: origin, insertion, action, innervation
origin: ilium - between anterior and posterior gluteal lines
insertion: greater trochanter of femur (lateral aspect)
Action:
- abduction of femur
- medial rotation and flexion at hip (anterior fibers)
- lateral rotation and extension at hip (posterior fibers)
- Steadies pelvis when opposite limb is raised
Innervation: superior gluteal nerve
34
Glute min: origin, insertion, action, innervation
Origin: ilium - between anterior and inferior gluteal lines
Insertion: greater trochanter of femur (anterior aspect)
Action:
- abduction of femur
- medial rotation and flexion at hip
- stead pelvis when opposite limb is raised
innervation: superior gluteal nerve
35
What is the trandelendberg gait?
hip of unaffected side drops due to weak hip abductors (glute med and min)
36
Tensor Fascia Lata: origin, insertion, action, innervation
Origin: Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) & iliac crest
insertion: lateral condyle of tibia via iliotibial tract
action:
- abduction of femur
- medial rotation of femur
- flexion at hip
innervation: superior gluteal nerve
37
Using piriformis as a landmark to ID pathways for superior gluteal, interior gluteal, and sciatic nerves
- superior gluteal n. : superior to piriformis
- inferior gluteal n. : inferior and medial to piriformis
- sciatic n. : inferior and lateral to piriformis
38
Small lateral rotators at hip: assiting in abduction of thigh
- Piriformis
- superior gemellus
- obturator internus
- inferior gemellus
39
Small lateral rotators at hip: assisting in lateral rotation at hip and stabilizing head of femur
- quadratus femoris
- Piriformis
- superior gemellus
- obturator internus
- inferior gemellus
40
Small lateral rotators at hip: assisting in lateral and stabilizing hip joint
obturator externus
41
Quadratus femoris: origin, insertion
origin: anterior aspect of ischial tuberosity
insertion: intertrochanteric crest of femur or quadrate tubercle
42
Superior and inferior gemellus origin insertion
origin:
- SG: ischial spine
- IG: ischial tuberosity
insertion:
- both insert on the medial aspect of the greater trochanter
43
Obturator internus and externus origin and insertion
origin:
- OI: medial surface of obturator membrane, ischium, and rim of pubis
- OE: anterior surface of obturator membrane, bony boundaries of obturator foramen
Insertion:
- OI: exists through lesser sciatic foramen to insert into greater trochanter of proximal femur
- OE: Trochanteric fossa of femur or medial aspect of the greater trochanter
44
pirifomis origin and insertion
origin: sacrum
insertion: greater trochanter
45
3 muscles of posterior thigh
1. semimembranosus
2. semitendinosus
3. biceps femoris (long & short heads)
46
Semimembranosus and semitendinosus O, I, A, In
origin for both:
- ischial tuberosity
Insertion:
- SM: medial condyle of tibia
- ST: tibia (superior part of medial surface)
action:
- extension of thigh at hip
- flexion at knee
- medial rotation of leg
innervation:
- sciatic nerve: tibial division
47
Biceps femoris O, I,A, In
Origin:
- long head: ischial tuberosity
- short head: lateral lip of linea aspera of femur
- short head is deep to long head
Insertion:
- long head: head of fibula
- short head: head of fibula
Action:
- extension of thigh at hip (long head)
- flexion at knee
- lateral rotation of leg
innervation:
- long head: sciatic nerve - tibial division
- short head: sciatic nerve - fibular division
48
Important osteology of medial and anterior thigh
Upper and lower Femur
| Pubic bone
49
Important osteology of medial and anterior thigh: upper femur
greater trochanter, intertrochanteric line, lesser trochanter
50
Important osteology of medial and anterior thigh: lower femur
adductor tubercle, medial epicondyle of femur, medial condyle of tibia, tibial tuberosity
51
Important osteology of medial and anterior thigh: lower femur
adductor tubercle, medial epicondyle of femur, medial condyle of tibia, tibial tuberosity
52
Important osteology of medial and anterior thigh: pubic bone
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS), anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
53
Muscles of anterior thigh, all innervated by, all contribute to
Iliopsoas, pectineus, sartorius, quadriceps femoris group
all innervated by femoral nerve
all contribute to flexion at hip
54
Sartorius O, I, A, In
origin: anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Insertion: tibia (superior aspect of medial surface)
Action:
- flexion
- abduction
- lateral rotation
- of thigh at hip joint
- + flex at knee
Innervation: femoral nerve
55
4 quad femoris muscles and innervation
rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus itermedius
femoral n.
56
Rectus femoris O, I, A
Origin: ASIS
Insertion: base of patella, tibial tuberosity via patella ligament
Action:
- flex at hip
- extend at knee
57
Vastus lateralis & medialis O I A
Origin:
- VL: Greater trochanter, lateral lip of linea aspera
- VM: intertrochanteric line, medial lip of linea spera
Both insert into:
- base of patella
- tibial tuberosity via patella ligament
Action for both: extension of leg at knee
58
Vastus intermedius O I A
Origin: anterior and lateral surfaces of femur
insertion:
- base of patella
- tibial tuberosity via patella ligament
action: extension of leg at knee
59
Muscles of medial thigh
adductor longus/brevis/magnus
gravilis
pectineus
obturator externus
60
3 muscles of thigh that insert on tibia
Sartorius, semitendinosus, gracilis
61
Pectineus O, I, A, In
origin: Superior pubic ramus (pectineal line of pubis)
insertion: pectineal line of femur, linea aspera
action:
- adduction of thigh at hip
- flexion of thigh at hip
- medial rotation at hip
Innervation:
- femoral nerve
- Obturator nerve??
62
Adductor longus & brevis O I A In
Origin: pubic bone
insertion: linea aspera of femur
action: adduction of thigh
innervation: obturator n.
63
Adductor magnus O I A In
Origin:
- adductor portion: pubic bone & ramus of ischium
- hamstring portion: ischial tuberosity
Insertion:
- Adduction portion: linea aspera
- hamstring portion: adductor tubercle of femur
Action:
- adductor portion: adduction and flexion of thigh
- hamstring portion: adduction and extension of thigh
Innervation:
- adductor portion: obturator n.
- hamstring portion: sciatic n. (tibial division)
64
Gracilis O I A In
Origin: pubic bone
insertion: tibia - superior aspect of medial surface
Action:
- adduction of thigh
- flexion of leg at knee
- medial rotation of leg
innervation: obturator n.
65
Obturator Externus O I A In
origin: obturator membrane, margins of obturator foramen
insertion: trochanteric fossa of femur
action:
- lateral rotation at hip joint
- stabilization of hip joint
Innervation: obturator n.
66
Component of femoral triangle (review schematic too)
**Boundaries:**
- Inguinal Ligament
- Sartorius
- Adductor Longus
**Floor:**
- Iliopsoas - iliacus & psoas
- Pectineus
**Contains:**
- Femoral nerve
- Femoral artery
- femoral veins
67
Component of femoral triangle (review schematic too)
**Boundaries:**
- Inguinal Ligament
- Sartorius
- Adductor Longus
**Floor:**
- Iliopsoas - iliacus & psoas
- Pectineus
**Contains:**
- Femoral nerve
- Femoral artery
- femoral veins
68
Component of femoral triangle (review schematic too)
**Boundaries:**
- Inguinal Ligament
- Sartorius
- Adductor Longus
**Floor:**
- Iliopsoas - iliacus & psoas
- Pectineus
**Contains:**
- Femoral nerve
- Femoral artery
- femoral veins
69
Femoral artery relationships
- Check for medial femoral circumflex artery between iliopsoas and pectineus
- lateral femoral circumflex artery travels laterally and deep to rectus femoris
- femoral artery comes out from inguinal ligament, will travel distal and deep to adductor longus
- obturator n. anterior branch will travel anterior to adductor brevis, posterior will travel posterior to adductor brevis
70
Femoral artery relationships
- Check for medial femoral circumflex artery between iliopsoas and pectineus
- lateral femoral circumflex artery travels laterally and deep to rectus femoris
- femoral artery comes out from inguinal ligament, will travel distal and deep to adductor longus
- obturator n. anterior branch will travel anterior to adductor brevis, posterior will travel posterior to adductor brevis
71
3 compartments of leg and their relationship
1) Posterior Compartment
- All muscles in the posterior compartment insert posterior to the malleolus
- contributes to: flexion at knee & digits, plantar-flexion, inversion
2) Anterior Compartment
- All muscles in the anterior compartment insertion anterior malleolus
- contribute to: dorsi-flexion, extension, inversion
3) Lateral Compartment
- all muscles insert posterior to malleolus
- contributes to eversion and plantar-flexion (weak)
72
2 nerves that innervate muscles of the leg
common fibular n. (deep & superficial branches)
tibial n.
both split from sciatic n.
73
Common fibular n innervates...
anterior and lateral compartment of leg
74
superficial branch of common fibular innervates...
lateral compartment of leg
75
deep branch of common fibular innervates...
anterior compartment of jleg
76
Tibial n. innervates...
posterior compartment of leg
77
deep branch of common fibular innervates...
anterior compartment of leg
78
Blood supply to the leg is provided by... (review schematic for neuromasculature of leg, lesson 24)
The popliteal artery, which is a distal extension of the femoral artery. distal branches of the popliteal include the anterior and posterior tibial arteries and the fibular artery
79
Blood supply to the leg is provided by... (review schematic for neuromasculature of leg, lesson 24)
The popliteal artery, which is a distal extension of the femoral artery. distal branches of the popliteal include the anterior and posterior tibial arteries and the fibular artery
80
Relevant foot osteology for leg (review schematics, lesson 25)
Tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Tarsals: calcaneus, talus, cuboid, navicular, cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, lateral)
81
Superficial muscles of Posterior compartment of leg
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
82
Deep muscles of posterior comparmtne of leg
tibialis posterior, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, popliteus
83
muscles of lateral compartment of leg
fibularis longus & brevis
84
muscles of anterior compartment of leg
tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus
85
Gastrocnemius O I A In
Origin:
- Lateral head - lateral condyle of femur
- Medial head - superior to medial condyle of femur
Insertion: Posterior aspect of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon
Action:
- Flexion at knee
- plantar flexion at ankle
- raises heel when walking
Innervation: tibial nerve
86
Plantaris O I A IN
O:
- Lateral condyle of femur
Insertion: Posterior aspect of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon
Action:
- plantar flexion at ankle (weak)
Innervation: tibial n.
87
Soleus O I A IN
O:
- Posterior fibula - superior 1/4
- Posterior tibia - soleal line
Insertion: Posterior aspect of calcaneus, via calcaneal tendon
action:
- plantar flexion at ankle
Innervation: tibial n.
88
Popliteus O I A IN
Origin:
- lateral surface of lateral condyle of femur
Insertion:
- posterior surface of tibia superior to soleal line
Action:
- flexion at knee (weak)
- unlocks knee
- rotate femur on fixed tibia
- rotate tibia of unplanted limb
Innervation: tibial n.
89
Tibialis Posterior O I IN
Origin:
- posterior tibia
- posterior fibula
- interosseous membrane
Insertion:
- navicular
- cuneiform
- cuboid
- bases of metatarsals 2-4
Innervation: tibial n.
90
Flexor Digitorum Longus O I IN
O: Posterior tibia
I: bases of distal phalanges, 2-5
Innervation: tibial n.
91
Flexor Hallucis Longus O I IN
O:
- posterior fibula
- interosseous membrane
I: bases of distal phalanges, big toe
Innervation: tibial n.
92
Flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, tibialis posterior actions
- Plantarflexion at ankle
- FHL & FDL: flexion at joints proximal to insertion
- TP: inversion of foot
93
Tibialis Anterior O I A IN
Origin:
- Tibia - lateral surface
Insertion:
- 1st metatarsal, medial cuneiform
Action:
- Dorsiflexion at ankle
- Inversion of foot
Innervation: deep branch of common fibular n.
94
Extensor Digitorum Longus O I A IN
Origin:
- Fibula - anterior surface
Insertion:
- middle and distal phalanges of lateral 4 digits
Action:
- dorsiflexion at ankle
- Extension at joints proximal to insertion
Innervation: deep branch of common fibular n.
95
Extensor Hallucis Longus O I A IN
Origin:
- Fibula - anterior surface
Insertion:
- Distal phalanx of great toe
Action:
- dorsiflexion at ankle
- extension at joints proximal to insertion
Innervation: deep branch of common fibular n.
96
Fibularis Longus & Brevis O I A In
Both originate from the lateral aspect of fibula
Insertion:
- FL - medial cuneiform, 1st metatarsal
- FB - base of 5th metatarsal
Action:
- eversion of foot
- plantar flexion at ankle (weak)
Innervation: superficial branch of common fibular n.
97
Fibularis Longus & Brevis O I A In
Both originate from the lateral aspect of fibula
Insertion:
- FL - medial cuneiform, 1st metatarsal
- FB - base of 5th metatarsal
Action:
- eversion of foot
- plantar flexion at ankle (weak)
Innervation: superficial branch of common fibular n.
