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Cell Bio > Cell bio Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Cell bio Chapter 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Yeast respond to mating factors by forming

A

Schmoos

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2
Q

_________ is required if cells are to organize themselves and function properly as parts of multicellular organisms

A

communication

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3
Q

one type of signal converted to another

A

signal transduction

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4
Q

signaling requires cells to be in direct membrane-membrane contact

A

contact dependent

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5
Q

depends on signals that are released into the extracellular space and act locally on the neighboring cells

A

paracrine signaling

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6
Q

performed by neurons that transmit signals electrically along their axons and release neurotransmitters at synapses, which are located far away from the neuronal cell body

A

synaptic signaling

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7
Q

depends on endocrine cells, which secrete hormones into the blood stream for distribution all over body.

A

Endocrine signaling

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8
Q

work together to coordinate the activities of cells in widely separated parts of the body

A

endocrine cells and nerve cells

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9
Q

Different cell types respond _________ to the same extracellular signal molecules

A

differently

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10
Q

acetylcholine in salivary gland cells

A

causes secretion

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11
Q

acetylcholine in heart muscle cell

A

decrease rate and force of contraction

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12
Q

acetylcholine in skeletal muscle cell

A

cause contraction

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13
Q

response time if it requires changes in already present proteins in the cell

A

very rapid

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14
Q

response time if it involves gene expression and synthesis of new proteins

A

very slowly

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15
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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16
Q

when deprived of all signals, cells activate a _________ program

A

suicide, called apoptosis

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17
Q

cells are programmed to respond to _________ extracellular signals

A

multiple

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18
Q

types of receptors signal molecules bind to

A

cell-surface receptors and intracellular receptors

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19
Q

signals that cannot pass the membrane and bind to cell surface receptors

A

hydrophilic signal molecules

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20
Q

signals that can pass through the membrane and bind to receptor proteins inside the cell

A

hydrophobic signal molecules

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21
Q

cell surface receptors relay extracellular signals via _______

A

intracellular signaling pathways

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22
Q

process of intracellular signaling pathways

A
  1. receptor binds to extracellular signal
  2. receptor activates intracellular signaling proteins
  3. ISP’s activate effector proteins
  4. effector proteins carry out specific cellular functions
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23
Q

intracellular signaling proteins act as _________

A

molecular switches

24
Q

molecular switches in signal transduction are turned on or off by

A

addition or removal of phosphate groups

25
Q

____________ adds a PO4 group and turns on the molecular switch using _______

A

protein kinase, ATP

26
Q

___________ removes a PO4 group and turns off the molecular switch using _____

A

protein phosphatase, ATP

27
Q

GTP-binding signals switch on and off by

A

adding a PO4 group to GDP to make GTP, or removing a PO4 group from GTP to make GDP

28
Q

cell surface receptor fall into 3 main classes

A

ion-channel-coupled receptors, G-protein coupled receptors, enzyme-coupled receptors

29
Q

ion-channel-coupled receptors facts

A
  1. typically multi pass transmembrane proteins
  2. signal opens and closes ion channel
  3. mediate rapid responses in nerve and muscle cells
30
Q

G-protein coupled receptor facts

A
  1. receptor is typically a 7-pass transmembrane protein
  2. receptor acts through a trimeric GTP-binding protein (G-protein)
  3. G protein regulates activity of a separate plasma membrane-bound target enzyme or an ion channel
31
Q

enzyme-coupled receptor facts

A
  1. single-pass transmembrane proteins
  2. function either directly as enzymes or are directly associated with enzymes (e.g. kinases and phosphatases) that they activate
32
Q

largest class of cell-surface receptors (more than 700 in humans)

A

G-protein-coupled-receptors (GPCRs)

33
Q

almost half of all known drugs act through ______

A

GPCRs or G-protein-coupled-receptors

34
Q

hundreds of ________ are concerned with the sense of smell

A

GPCRs

35
Q

GPCR structure

  1. single polypeptide chain passing in the cell membrane ______ times
  2. receptor site faces _______
  3. G protein interaction site is on ________
A
  1. 7 times
  2. extracellular space
  3. cytoplasmic side
36
Q

GPCR receptors act through a _______

A

trimeric GTP-binding protein (G-protein)

37
Q

trimeric G protein facts

  1. A trimeric protein made of _____
  2. in the inactive form _____ is bound to GDP, in the active form this is replaced with GTP
  3. ______ is bound to alpha and gamma subunits she in the inactive state
  4. the alpha and gamma subunits are ______
A
  1. alpha, beta, and gamma subunits
  2. alpha subunit
  3. beta subunit
  4. attached to the plasma membrane through anchors (covalently attached lipid molecules)
38
Q

when activated, the alpha subunit of g-proteins carry

A

intrinsic GTPase activity, passing a phosphate group to other proteins to activate them.

39
Q

the activated alpha subunit of the G-protein can also activate membrane bound

A

enzymes

40
Q

cAMP levels are controlled by

A
  1. adenylyl cyclase makes cAMP from ATP

2. phosphodiesterase breaks down cAMP

41
Q

Cholera bacterium create cholera toxin, a protein that enters cells in the intestine and modifies the ______ to stimulate ________. The altered _________ is continuously active and keeps signaling to its target proteins.

A

alpha subunit of G-protein
adnylyl cyclase
alpha subunit

42
Q

cyclic-AMP regulates __________ which has an effect on _______ and __________

A

adrenaline
skeletal muscle
glycogen breakdown

43
Q

cAMP mediates adrenaline by activating

A

protein kinase A (PKA)

44
Q

cAMP activation of protein kinase A (PKA) can activate _________

A

gene transcription

45
Q

some G proteins regulate the activity of

A

phospholipase C

46
Q

GPCRs increase cytosolic Ca2 and activate _____

A

PKC

47
Q

GPCR signaling through phospholipase C
Signal 1: ____ is water soluble and diffuses through the cytosol where it binds to ____ receptors on the ER. Ca2 is released into the cytoplasm.
Signal 2: _____ remains imbedded in the membrane. _______ activates protein kinase C (PKC) along with Ca2. PKC then acts on a number of different substrates.

A

Signal 1: IP3

Signal 2: diacylglycerol

48
Q

Among the enzyme-coupled cell-surface receptors, ___________ are particularly abundant in mammalian cells.

A

receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

49
Q

_______ are key regulators of normal cellular processes and also have a critical role in the development and progression of many types of cancer.

A

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs)

50
Q

enzyme coupled receptors facts

A
  1. single-pass transmembrane protein

2. cytosolic domain functions as an enzyme or is directly associated with enzymes

51
Q

Binding of signal molecules cause RTKs to ______. The RTKs _______ themselves and their interacting partner.

A

dimerize

phosphorylate

52
Q

Phosphorylated RTKs serve as __________ for other signaling proteins

A

docking sites

53
Q

Most RTKs activate the monomeric ________

A

GTPase Ras

54
Q

GTPase Ras facts

A
  1. Ras is a small GTP binding protein that relays signal from RTKs
  2. Ras contains covalently attached lipid molecules that anchor the protein to the cell membrane
  3. Ras resembles the alpha subunit of GPCR and functions as a molecular switch in the same way
55
Q

30% of human tumors have activated forms of ____

A

Ras

Cell Bio (8 decks)

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