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Cell Bio > Cell Bio Ch 17 > Flashcards

Cell Bio Ch 17 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryotic cell cycle is divided in to ____ phases

A

4

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2
Q

function of the cell cycle is to:

A

duplicate DNA in chromosomes accurately and separate the copies precisely in daughter cells

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3
Q

Duplication of DNA occurs in _______ and requires _____ of cell cycle time.

A 
S phase (synthesis phase),
half of cycle time (10-12 hours)
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4
Q

cell division occurs in ______

A

M phase (mitosis)

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5
Q

Two major events in M phase

A

mitosis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cell division)

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6
Q

Many of human proteins function well in ______ due to being highly conserved.

A

yeast cells

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7
Q

Model organisms to study cell cycle

A
  1. budding yeast
  2. frog
  3. mammalian cells
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8
Q

Temperature-sensitve cell-division-cycle genes helped ______

A

elucidate key aspects of cell cycle regulation.

At certain temperatures, the mutant gene causes cells to get stuck in a phase and are unable to complete cell division cycle

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9
Q

normal mammalian cells stop dividing after ____ divisions

A

25-40

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10
Q

_______ cell lines proliferate indefinitely.

A

immortalized cells

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11
Q

Cell cycle clock checkpoints

A

start checkpoint
G2/M checkpoint
S checkpoint
metaphase-to-anaphase transition

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12
Q

start checkpoint

A

Is environment favorable?

enter cell cycle, proceed to S phase

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13
Q

S checkpoint

A

continue DNA replication

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14
Q

G2/M checkpoint

A

All DNA replicated?
Environment favorable?
Enter Mitosis

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15
Q

Metaphase-to-anaphase transition checkpoint

A

Are all chromosomes attached to the spindle?

trigger anaphase and proceed to cytokinesis

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16
Q

What makes up the cell cycle clock?

A

cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) and Cyclin

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17
Q

CDKs are ______ on cyclins for their kinase activity.

A

dependent

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18
Q

CDK levels are _____ in a cell

A

constant

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19
Q

CDK and cyclin form the ______

A

CDK-cyclin complex

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20
Q

cyclin protein level ____ during cell cycle

A

change

cycle clock depends on these changes

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21
Q

3 classes of cyclins defined by

A

cell cycle stage at which they bind cdks and function

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22
Q

3 classes of cyclins are

A

G1/S-cyclin
S-cyclin
M-cyclin

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23
Q

Inactive Cdk is blocked by ____

A

a T loop

24
Q

Binding of cyclin to Cdk causes _____

A

T loop to move out of the active site

25
Q

____ causes conformation change that activates the CDK enzyme

A

Phosphorylation of T loop

26
Q

3 types of inhibition work on CDK complex

A

Inhibitory phosphorylation, p27 (cdk inhibitory protein (CKI)), cyclin degredation

27
Q

______ can suppress CDK complex activity.

A

Inhibitory phosphorylation

28
Q

_______ phosphorylates Cdk complex to inhibit activity

A

Wee1 kinase

29
Q

_______ removes phosphate of inhibited CDK complex and reactivates it.

A

Cdc25 phosphatase

30
Q

________ can inhibit Cdk complex without phosphorylation

A

p27 or cdk inhibitory protein (CKI)

31
Q

Cdk needs ________ to be active, ______ make it inactive

A

1 phosphate

2 phosphates

32
Q

______ adds first phosphate to activate CDK complex

A

Cdk-activating kinase (CAK)

33
Q

S-Cdk initiates ________ and helps _________

A

DNA replication

block re-replication

34
Q

______ help hold the sister chromatids of each replicated chromosome together.

A

Cohesins

35
Q

In absence of DNA damage ______ is degraded

A

p53

36
Q

activated p53 allows transcription of the _______ gene

A

p21

this protein inhibits the CDK complex, stopping cell division

37
Q

M phase is divided into six stages

A

Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

38
Q

________ duplicate to help form the two poles of the ________ spindle.

A

centrosomes

mitotic

39
Q

________ attach sister chromatids to the spindle

A

kinetochores

40
Q

The mitotic spindle is _______

A

bipolar

41
Q

3 types of microtubules in mitotic spindles

A
  1. interpolar microtubules
  2. Kinetochore microtubules
  3. astral microtubules
42
Q

interpolar microtubules

A

plus ends of some microtubules interact with the plus ends of another, forming an antiparallel array

43
Q

kinetochore microtubules

A

microtubules bound to the kinetochores on the sister chromatids

44
Q

astral microtubules

A

radiate outward from the poles and help position the spindle in the cell

45
Q

___ drives entry into mitosis

A

M-CDK

46
Q

For M-Cdk to be active, it must be:

A

phosphorylated at one site and dephosphorylated at other sites.

47
Q

High level of M-cdks drive entry into mitosis by triggering _____

A

chromosome condensation (Condensin)

48
Q

complex that condenses chromosomes

A

condensin

49
Q

______ helps to assemble the mitotic spindle and makes sure each sister chromatid is attached to the opposite pole.

A

Anaphase Promoting Comlex (APC)

50
Q

_____ triggers sister-chromatid separation and the completion of mitosis

A

proteolysis

51
Q

______ inhibits _______ that breaks down cohesins to separate sister chromatids.

A

securin inhibits seperase

52
Q

anaphase promoting complex (APC) breaks down securin to un-inhibit ______

A

separase

53
Q

incomplete segregation of chromosomes will be _____ for cells

A

lethal

54
Q

unattached chromosomes send a ______ signal to the cell-cycle system

A

“stop”

55
Q

cytokinesis

A

division of cytoplasm

56
Q

formation of ____ on cell surface deepens and spreads around the cell to divide it

A

cleavage furrow

57
Q

______ is under the cleavage furrow, composed of actin and myosin filaments. Contracts and separates the cells.

A

Contractile ring

Cell Bio (8 decks)

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