Cell Background: Study Guide

Question 1

what is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 1

produces most of the cells ATP

Question 2

The DNA is contained in the ….

Answer 2

nucleus

Question 3

what is the extracellular matrix (ECM) and what are its components?

Answer 3

• it is the interconnected network of macromolecules present between cells. it helps modify protiens

Components: 
collagen
elastin
proteoglycans
glycoprotiens
other ECM components

Question 4

describe two types of cell contacts/ junctions

Answer 4

tight junction-
Form when adjacent cell membranes adhere to each other, preventing even small molecules from passing between cells

gap junction-
Small hydrophilic channels created by a plaque like structure that connects two different cell membranes

Question 5

What are 4 cell adaptive responses?

Answer 5

hypertrophy- increase size of cells

hyperplasia- increase in cell number

atrophy- decrease in size without change in cell number

metaplasia- transformation from one mature cell type to another

Question 6

name two cell receptors

Answer 6

cadherins- responsible for cell to cell bonding

selectins- bind to mucins/ bind to carbohydrate groups (mucins-molecules have carbohydrate group)

integrins-transmembered protien involved in cell to cell interactions

Question 7

name two components of ECM

Answer 7

Components: 
collagen
elastin
proteoglycans
glycoprotiens
other ECM componen

Question 8

explain the difference between tight junctions, gap junctions, and desomosomes

Answer 8

tight junctions- adjecent membranes adhere and very small molecules cant even pass

gap junctions- cell membrane are connected by a small channel inbetween. bigger molecules then tight junction can pass

desomosomes- cell are mechanically attached by broad bands or specific spots

Question 9

what are the two types of cell death? describe them.

Answer 9

necrosis- the localized death of living cells due to external stress and they are unable to adapt

apoptosis- cell kill itself. sometimes does this when cell number threatens animals survival

Question 10

state four soluble factor cell signaling methods

Answer 10

• contact -dependant
• paracrine-autocrine
• synaptic
• endocrine (hormones)

Question 11

name and state the function of three structure found in side the cell

Answer 11

• mitrochondria- produce most of cells ATP
• ribosomes- protein synthesis
• golgi apparatus- modifies and packages protiens

Question 12

what are gap junctions?

Answer 12

Small hydrophilic channels created by a plaque like structure that connects two different cell membranes

Question 13

the two methods of cell death are ___ and ___.

Answer 13

necrosis

apoptosis

Question 14

what are the building blocks of protiens?

Answer 14

amino acids

Question 15

state and describe two cell adaptive responses to accommodate alterations to thier environment particularly chemical and mechanical stress

Answer 15

– Hypertrophy: increase in size of cells – Hyperplasia: increase in cell number – Atrophy: decrease in size – Metaplasia: transformation from one cell type to anothe

Question 16

state and describe the steps involved in tissue processing

Answer 16

-tissue specimen obtain by biopsy, excision, resection

fixation

embedding

sectioning

staining and contrast

(look up descriptions)

Question 17

state and describe two factors that affect protein adsorption

Answer 17

surface energy (or tension)

surface hydrophobicity

surface charge

(look up descriptions)