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Fall Physiology > Cell and Organelles > Flashcards

Cell and Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

What are we studying when we look at histology?

A

The study of a normal cell

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2
Q

What is the purpose of histopathology?

A

The study of diseased tissues

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3
Q

What is the name of the living components of the cell?

A

Protoplasm

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4
Q

What are the 2 components of the protoplasm?

A

Cytoplasm and the nucleus.

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5
Q

What is included in the cytoplasm?

A

Organelles and inclusions

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6
Q

What are the two types of organelles?

A

Membranous and non-membranous

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7
Q

What are the 7 types of membranous organelles?

A

Plasma membrane, Rough endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Endosomes, Lysosomes, and Transport vesicles

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of non-membranous organelles?

A

Microtubules, Filaments, Centrioles, and Ribosomes

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9
Q

What is contained in the nucleus?

A

The genetic information and the machinery for DNA and RNA replication and transcription.

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10
Q

What is included in a non dividing cell?

A

Chromatin, Nucleolus, Nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm

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11
Q

What is the role of the nuclear pores?

A

They are an area where the inner and outer membranes are fused to allow communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

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12
Q

What is the role of the chromatin?

A

It is the site for RNA synthesis.

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13
Q

What is the functions of the plasma membrane?

A

It provides a barrier between the cell and the outside environment, as well as in cell recognition and a receptor site for G proteins.

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14
Q

What does it mean if there is a transport protein that uses a coupled transport that is antiport?

A

That there are two proteins that use it and they will travel in opposite directions.

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15
Q

How are transport proteins regulated in neurons?

A

They are regulated by the membrane potential

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16
Q

How are transport proteins regulated in skeletal muscles?

A

The neuromuscular junctions possess ligand-gated ion channels

17
Q

What is vesicular budding?

A

The major mechanism by which particles enter, leave, or move around within the cell.

18
Q

Define Pinocytosis

A

Nonspecific ingestion of fluid and small protein molecules via small vesicles.

19
Q

Define Phagocytosis

A

The uptake of particulate matter

20
Q

Define Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Low density lipoproteins

21
Q

What are the three types of endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

22
Q

What are the two general pathways of exocytosis

A

Constitutive secretion and Regulated secretion

23
Q

Define Constitutive secretions?

A

Substances that are designated for export are delivered in transport vesicles.

24
Q

Define Regulated Secretion

A

Vesicles that have been stored in the cytoplasm to be released with hormonal or neural stimulus is received.

25
Q

Where is the porin found?

A

In the outer membrane of the mitochondria.

26
Q

What are the cristae?

A

Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that form a shelf like projection.

27
Q

What is the role of cardiolipin?

A

a phospholipid that makes the inner membrane impermeable to ions, electrons, and protons.

28
Q

What are the five main roles of the mitochondria?

A

Generate ATP, Generate heat in brown fat, Assist in synthesis of certain lipids, TCA cycle enzymes, and they take part in apoptosis.

29
Q

What is the role of the sER?

A

Synthesis of cholesterol and lipids, in the skeletal muscles it releases calcium

30
Q

What is the role of the rER?

A

synthesis and modifications of proteins that are to be packaged.

31
Q

What are the two main roles of the golgi apparatus?

A

Phosphorylation and glycosylation of proteins, and protein sorting

32
Q

What is the role of the lysosomes?

A

They are responsible for the degradation of certain molecules and phagocytosed material

33
Q

How are lysosomal storage diseases characterized?

A

As dysfunctional lysosomes that are unable to degrade the contents of their endolysosomes

34
Q

What is the role of peroxisomes?

A

The catalase present regulate the amount of hydrogen peroxide and thus protect the cell.

35
Q

What are the three groups of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules, microfilaments, Centrioles

36
Q

What is the role of microtubule associated proteins (MAPs)

A

Allow for the organelles and other components of the cytoskeleton to bind to the microtubules.

37
Q

What control the cell cycle and help determine when it can move forward?

A

Cyclin and cyclin dependant kinases

Fall Physiology (4 decks)

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