Cell and Organelles

Question 1

What are we studying when we look at histology?

Answer 1

The study of a normal cell

Question 2

What is the purpose of histopathology?

Answer 2

The study of diseased tissues

Question 3

What is the name of the living components of the cell?

Answer 3

Protoplasm

Question 4

What are the 2 components of the protoplasm?

Answer 4

Cytoplasm and the nucleus.

Question 5

What is included in the cytoplasm?

Answer 5

Organelles and inclusions

Question 6

What are the two types of organelles?

Answer 6

Membranous and non-membranous

Question 7

What are the 7 types of membranous organelles?

Answer 7

Plasma membrane, Rough endoplasmic Reticulum, Smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi Apparatus, Endosomes, Lysosomes, and Transport vesicles

Question 8

What are the 4 types of non-membranous organelles?

Answer 8

Microtubules, Filaments, Centrioles, and Ribosomes

Question 9

What is contained in the nucleus?

Answer 9

The genetic information and the machinery for DNA and RNA replication and transcription.

Question 10

What is included in a non dividing cell?

Answer 10

Chromatin, Nucleolus, Nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm

Question 11

What is the role of the nuclear pores?

Answer 11

They are an area where the inner and outer membranes are fused to allow communication between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Question 12

What is the role of the chromatin?

Answer 12

It is the site for RNA synthesis.

Question 13

What is the functions of the plasma membrane?

Answer 13

It provides a barrier between the cell and the outside environment, as well as in cell recognition and a receptor site for G proteins.

Question 14

What does it mean if there is a transport protein that uses a coupled transport that is antiport?

Answer 14

That there are two proteins that use it and they will travel in opposite directions.

Question 15

How are transport proteins regulated in neurons?

Answer 15

They are regulated by the membrane potential

Question 16

How are transport proteins regulated in skeletal muscles?

Answer 16

The neuromuscular junctions possess ligand-gated ion channels

Question 17

What is vesicular budding?

Answer 17

The major mechanism by which particles enter, leave, or move around within the cell.

Question 18

Define Pinocytosis

Answer 18

Nonspecific ingestion of fluid and small protein molecules via small vesicles.

Question 19

Define Phagocytosis

Answer 19

The uptake of particulate matter

Question 20

Define Receptor mediated endocytosis

Answer 20

Low density lipoproteins

Question 21

What are the three types of endocytosis?

Answer 21

Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 22

What are the two general pathways of exocytosis

Answer 22

Constitutive secretion and Regulated secretion

Question 23

Define Constitutive secretions?

Answer 23

Substances that are designated for export are delivered in transport vesicles.

Question 24

Define Regulated Secretion

Answer 24

Vesicles that have been stored in the cytoplasm to be released with hormonal or neural stimulus is received.

Question 25

Where is the porin found?

Answer 25

In the outer membrane of the mitochondria.

Question 26

What are the cristae?

Answer 26

Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that form a shelf like projection.

Question 27

What is the role of cardiolipin?

Answer 27

a phospholipid that makes the inner membrane impermeable to ions, electrons, and protons.

Question 28

What are the five main roles of the mitochondria?

Answer 28

Generate ATP, Generate heat in brown fat, Assist in synthesis of certain lipids, TCA cycle enzymes, and they take part in apoptosis.

Question 29

What is the role of the sER?

Answer 29

Synthesis of cholesterol and lipids, in the skeletal muscles it releases calcium

Question 30

What is the role of the rER?

Answer 30

synthesis and modifications of proteins that are to be packaged.

Question 31

What are the two main roles of the golgi apparatus?

Answer 31

Phosphorylation and glycosylation of proteins, and protein sorting

Question 32

What is the role of the lysosomes?

Answer 32

They are responsible for the degradation of certain molecules and phagocytosed material

Question 33

How are lysosomal storage diseases characterized?

Answer 33

As dysfunctional lysosomes that are unable to degrade the contents of their endolysosomes

Question 34

What is the role of peroxisomes?

Answer 34

The catalase present regulate the amount of hydrogen peroxide and thus protect the cell.

Question 35

What are the three groups of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 35

Microtubules, microfilaments, Centrioles

Question 36

What is the role of microtubule associated proteins (MAPs)

Answer 36

Allow for the organelles and other components of the cytoskeleton to bind to the microtubules.

Question 37

What control the cell cycle and help determine when it can move forward?

Answer 37

Cyclin and cyclin dependant kinases