Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Gen Path > Cell Accumulations > Flashcards

Cell Accumulations Flashcards

1
Q

Appearance of hepatic lipidosis

A

Grossly: enlarged/yellow liver

Histologically: hepatocytes contain “empty” vacuoles that displace the nucleus and can be stained by Sudan black

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

True or false: hepatic lipidosis occurs only in obese animals.

A

False. Malnourishment can cause defective oxidation of FAs or apoprotein synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cause and signs of feline hepatic lipidosis

A

Anorexia (in obese cats) -> Mobilization of fat stores -> Lipid processing overwhelmed

Elevated bilirubin -> icterus of ear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does pregnancy toxemia (sheep, goats, and cattle) lead to hepatic lipidosis?

A
  1. Late pregnancy in over conditioned animals
  2. Inadequate nutrition
  3. Low propionic acid -> hypoglycemia
  4. Fat/glycerol metabolized.oxidized to Acetyl-CoA
  5. Ketoacidosis (due to excess acetyl-CoA)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Glycogen storage disease is secondary to which two diseases?

A

1) Canine hyperadrenocorticism
- Glucocorticoids induce glycogen synthetase
- AKA canine steroid (vacuolar) hepatopathy

2) Diabetes mellitus
- Hyperglycemia - glycogen accumulation in hepatocytes, renal tubules, pancreatic islet (beta) cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Reabsorption droplets

A
  • Eosinophilic drops in renal tubules
  • Caused by protein load > glomerular filtration capacity
  • Intestinal hyaline droplets = normal in neonates
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Russell bodies

A
  • Caused by XS immunoglobulins made by plasma cells
  • i.e. multiple myeloma (plasma cell cancer) or chronic inflammatory conditions [chronic inflammation = plasma cells; neutrophils mediate immediate inflammation]
  • little unstained circles in plasma cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 4 examples of prion diseases

A

1) Scrapie (sheep)
2) Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
3) Chronic wasting disease (deer/elk)
4) Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease & Kuru (people)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Which geometry enables prions and amyloids to resist proteases?

A

Beta-pleated sheets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Carbon/dust

A
  • Most common exogenous pigment

- carried to LN by macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anthracosis

A

black lung due to carbon/dust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Which pigment is responsible for the yellow color of plasma/adipose of ruminants?

A

B-carotene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Tetracyclines and fluoride

A
  • Deposited in MINERALIZING teeth (young animals)
  • Stains teeth yellow/brown
  • fluorescent
  • EXCESS fluoride weakens and darkens enamel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe two diseases associated with hemoglobin

A

1) Nitrite poisoning
- Nitrate (fertilizer) -> nitrIte (rumen)
- Nitrite converts hemoglobin to methemoglobin (low O2 affinity)
- Chocolate blood
- Sudden death

2) Intravascular hemolysis
- RBCs lysed in vessels
- Pink plasma/serum and red urine due to released hemoglobin
- hemoglobinuria turns renal parenchyma dark red/gunmetal blue
- i.e. Cu toxicity (sheep), Maple leaf toxicity (horses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe 2 causes of hematin (modified hemoglobin) accumulation

A

1) Parasitic hematin
- parasites consume RBCs, convert heme to hematin, leave black migration tracts behind
- i.e. liver flukes (fasciola/fascioloides) in ruminants, lung mite (pneumonyssus) in monkey lung

2) Formalin Pigment
- postmortem change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Hemosiderin

A
  • Intracellular iron storage complex
  • Macrophages (esp. spleen)
  • Disease of XS = hemochromatosis
  • Golden-brown deposits in H and E
  • Visualized w/ Prussian blue
17
Q

Describe the “life cycle” of heme

A

1) Senescent RBCs undergo phagocytosis, releasing heme
2) Phagocytes convert heme -> biliverdin
3) Phagocytes convert biliverdin -> bilirubin
4) Bilirubin-albumin complex travels via blood to liver
5) Liver conjugates bilirubin and releases via bile canaliculus to bile duct

18
Q

Melanin

A
  • 1st step of synthesis (tyrosine -> DOPA) is catalyzed by a copper-dependent enzyme (tyrosinase)
  • Found in meninges, lungs (sheep, cattle, pigs), oral cavity (ginger cats)
19
Q

Compare and contrast melanoma and melanocytoma

A

1) Both are cancer of melanocytes
2) Melanoma = malignant
3) Melanocytoma = benign

20
Q

Lipofuscin

A
  • “Wear and tear” from cell membranes
  • Cardiac myocytes, neurons
  • Harmless
21
Q

Ceroid

A
  • Resembles lipofuscin
  • Oxidative stress
  • Storage diseases, vitamin E deficiency, cachexia [wasting]
22
Q

Name 2 examples of intraNUCLEAR viral inclusions

A

1) Herpes

2) Adenovirus

23
Q

Name 2 examples of intraCYTOPLASMIC viral inclusions

A

DNA: Poxvirus
RNA: Rabies (negri bodies, purple ovals about the size of a nucleolus)

24
Q

Name 2 examples of viral inclusions that are both cytoplasmic and nuclear

A

1) Paramyxoviruses [para-MIX-o-virus] (CDV, measles)

2) Papillomaviruses

25
Q

Describe appearance of amyloid

A
  • Eosinophilic w/ H and E
  • Congo-red
  • Birefringent: apple-green
26
Q

AL amyloid

A
  • Primary
  • Immunoglobulin light chains from plasma cells

Found: anywhere

  • Skin = plasmacytoma
  • Systemic = multiple myeloma
  • Equine nasal amyloidosis = skin, nasal, and conjunctiva of eyes
27
Q

AA antibody

A
  • SECONDARY
  • Associated w/ inflammation
  • Serum amyloid A produced by hepatocytes

Found in:

  • Liver
  • Kidney
  • Splenic RED pulp
28
Q

AA familial-primary

A
  • Shar-pei dogs
  • Abissinian cats
  • Renal medulla/systemic
29
Q

Islet amyloid peptide

A
  • Secreted by pancreatic B cells
  • Deposit in pancreatic islets of cats/human beings
  • May precede diabetes
30
Q

Fibrin/hyaline and 2 associated conditions

A
  • Indicate vascular damage
  • Lung: ARDS
  • Kidney: Disseminated intravascular coagulation
31
Q

Gout consists of ____, deposits of which are called _____ and are found in _____ and ______.

A

Uric acid
Tophi
Birds and reptiles

32
Q

Cholesterol deposits

A

Found in:

  • Necrosis
  • Hemorrhage
  • Chronic granulomatous inflammation (they elicit)

Examples:

  • Cholesteatomas: cholesterol granulomas in lateral ventricles of horse brains
  • Hypothyroidism-induced atherosclerosis in dogs
33
Q

Dystrophic calcification

A
  • Deposition of Ca due to loss of intracellular regulation
  • Ca levels/metabolism normal
  • Micro: basophilic stippling (esp. mitochondria)
  • Macro: fine white granules
  • i.e. white muscle disease, tuberculoid granuloma, parasitic granuloma, calcinosis cutis (in hyperadrenocorticism - XS corticosteroids)
34
Q

Metastatic calcification

A
  • Deposition of Ca in normal tissues; hypercalcemia 2ndary to metabolic disturbance

4 causes

1) Renal failure
- Retention of phosphates
2) PTH
3) Vitamin D toxicosis
4) Neoplastic bone destruction

Affects mainly:

1) Gastric mucosa
2) Kidneys
3) Lungs
4) Systemic arteries
5) Pulmonary veins

35
Q

Primary hyperparathyroidism is rare. Name 3 causes of 2ndary hyperparathyroidism

A

1) Canine lymphoma
2) Anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma (cancer of mucus-secreting cells)
3) Multiple myeloma (plasma cell tumor in bone marrow)

36
Q

Name 2 causes of Vitamin D toxicosis

A

1) Calcinogenic plants (Cestrum, Solanum)

2) Cholecalciferol rodenticides

37
Q

Which tissues are targeted by vitamin D toxicosis?

A

Heart (L ventricle)
Vessels
Lung

Mneumonic: LL -> Left ventricle and Lungs

38
Q

What is heterotopic ossification, what does it look like, where does it occur, and what is its prognosis?

A

1) Bone formation outside of skeleton
2) Grossly as hard spicules
3) [Benign] Canine mammary tumors and lungs of old dogs
4) Insignificant

Gen Path (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions