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Gen Path > Acute Inflammation > Flashcards

Acute Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

Sequence of events in acute inflammation

A
  1. Transient vasoconstriction
  2. Vasodilation
  3. Increased blood flow
  4. Increased vascular permeability
  5. Slow flow
  6. Leukocyte trafficking
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2
Q

Sequence of leukocyte trafficking

A
  1. Capture
  2. Rolling*
  3. Slow rolling*
  4. Arrest*
  5. Adhesion
  6. Crawling
  7. Transcellular migration
  8. Paracellular migration

*2-4 = Activation

Selectins are involved in steps 1 and 2

Integrins enter at step 3

Chemokine enter at step 4

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3
Q

In which organs are continuous capillaries found?

A

Brain
Heart
Lungs
Skin and Skeletal muscle

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4
Q

How does water cross a continuous capillary?

A
  1. Intercellular junctions

2. Aquaporins

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5
Q

How do nutrients cross a continuous capillary?

A

Transporter molecules (specific)

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6
Q

How do large molecules cross a continuous capillary?

A

Caveolae

- Become vesicle-vacuolar organelles in disease

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7
Q

Where are fenestrated capillaries found?

A

Kidney
Synovium
Endocrine organs
Intestinal villi

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8
Q

Where are discontinuous capillaries found?

A

Liver
Spleen
Bone Marrow

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9
Q

In addition to blood vessels and serum protein, what is also required for Starling’s equilibrium?

A

Lymphatic vessels

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10
Q

Which agents cause endothelial contraction (i.e. gaps) in venules?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Serotonin
  3. PG
  4. PAF
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11
Q

Which agents create gaps by rearranging cytoskeleton in capillaries and venules?

A
  1. TNF-a

2. IL-1

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12
Q

Which agents cause vascular leakage in capillaries and venules via leukocytes?

A
  1. Chemokines
  2. C5a
  3. LTB4
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13
Q

What causes caveolae to become vesiclo-vacuolar organelles in venules?

A

VEGF

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14
Q

Mast cells express receptors for

A
  1. IgE
  2. IgG
  3. C5a
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15
Q

Mast cell granules contain

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Heparin
  3. Proteases
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16
Q

Aside from IgE, IgG, and C5a, what else triggers degranulation of mast cells?

A

Temperature extremes

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17
Q

Which cell type is most important for anaphylactic reactions?

A

Mast cells

[Neutrophils and basophils also participate in anaphylaxis]

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18
Q

Contents of PRIMARY granules of neutrophils

A
  1. Myeloperoxidase
    • kill bacteria via HOCl
  2. Lysozyme
    • hydrolyze bacterial cell walls
  3. Proteases
  4. Acid hydrolases
    • Degrade proteins
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19
Q

What triggers release of marginated neutrophils into circulation?

A
  1. Corticosteroids

2. Epinephrine

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20
Q

Name 2 oxygen DEpendent bacterial killing mechanisms of phagocytes

A
  1. Oxygen radical system (NADPH oxidase)

2. Myeloperoxidase-halide system

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21
Q

Name 3 oxygen Independent bacterial-killing mechanisms of phagocytes

A
  1. Lysozyme - hydrolyzes cell wall
  2. Cathepsin G, defensing - proteolytic digestion
  3. Lactoferrin - inhibit respiration by binding iron
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22
Q

Eosinophils have receptors for

A
  1. C3b [Remember b/c “3b” rhymes w/ E]
  2. IgG
  3. IgE
23
Q

Basophils have receptors for

A

IgE

24
Q

“Mast cell of the blood”

A

Basophil

25
Q

Contents of the DENSE granules of platelets

A
  1. Serotonin
    Increase vascular permeability
  2. ADP
26
Q

Contents of a-granules of platelets

A
  1. Platelet factor 4
    • Clotting
  2. Antiplasmin
27
Q

Receptors expressed by macrophages and dendritic cells

A
  1. C3b

2. Pathogen recognition receptors

28
Q

Where do TNFa and IL-1 come from?

A

macrophages/dendritic cells

29
Q

Unlike histamine, serotonin ____

A

Produces Pain

30
Q

Effect of nitric oxide

A

Smooth muscle dilation

31
Q

Where does nitric oxide come from?

A
  1. Endothelial cells (constitutive)

2. Macrophages (inducible)

32
Q

Main function of C3a

A

Activate mast cells (vasodilation/increased permeability)

33
Q

Functions of C5a

A
  1. Activate mast cells/vasodilation
  2. Leukocyte activation/chemotaxis
  3. Leukotriene production
34
Q

What are the sources of Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)?

A 
Neutrophils
Basophils
Monocytes/Macrophages
Endothelial cells
Platelets
35
Q

What are the effects of platelet activating factor (PAF)?

A
  1. Platelet activation/aggregation
  2. Vasodilation/increased permeability
  3. Leukocyte activation and trafficking
  4. Type I hypersensitivity
36
Q

True or false: PAF is 10,000 times more potent than histamine

A

True

37
Q

Cytokines and chemokine are

A

small proteins

38
Q

Effects of TNF-a and IL-1

A
  • Type II endothelial activation
  • Fever/inappetance (brain)
  • Protein release (liver)
  • Decreased blood pressure
  • Increased neutrophils
  • Increased ACTH/corticosteroid
  • Positive feedback to Macrophages/DCs
39
Q

Function of IL-8

A

Neutrophil recruitment

40
Q

Weibel Palade bodies

A

Storage for IL-8 in endothelial cells

41
Q

Selectins mediate

A

Capture and Rolling

42
Q

Selectins consist of

A

glycoproteins

43
Q

PSGL1

A

Common ligand of selectins

44
Q

P selectin

A
  • Stored in endothelial cell (Weibel-Palade)
45
Q

E selectin

A

Made on-demand by endothelial cells (6 hours)

46
Q

L selectin

A

Constitutively expressed on leukocytes

47
Q

Integrins enter neutrophil step at

A

Slow rolling

48
Q

ICAM-1/2

A

Integrin ligands

49
Q

What causes Bovine Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency?

A

B2 integrin mutation

50
Q

True or false: Leukocytes respond to multiple chemokines

A

True

51
Q

Paracellular migration

A
  • Majority of leukocyte trafficking

- Leukocytes must digest basement membrane

52
Q

Transcellular migration

A
  • Only 20% of migration
  • Common in CNS
  • Caveolae may participate
53
Q

Secondary granules of neutrophils

A
  1. Lysozyme (also in primary granules)
  2. Transferrin
  3. Collagenase

Gen Path (7 decks)

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