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The Lego Bricks Of Life > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

What are the „In, Out, Net“ of Glycolysis?

A

In: 2 ATP, (Glucose)
Out: 4 ATP, 2 NADH, (2 pyruvates)
NET: 2 ATP, 2 NADH

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2
Q

What are the „In, Out, Net“ of Beta oxidation?

A

In: 2 ATP (2 pyruvates)
Out: 2 NADH, (CO2, 2 acetyl CoA‘s)
NET: - 2 ATP, 2 NADH, (2 CO2, 2 acetyl CoA‘s)

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3
Q

What are the „In, Out, Net“ of the citric acid cycle?

A

In: 2 Acetyl CoA‘s
Out: 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
NET: 4 CO2, 6NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

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4
Q

What are the „In, Out, Net“ of the Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

In: NADH and FADH2
Out: up to 34 ATP
NET: up to 34 ATP

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5
Q

What are the stages of cellular respiration?

A

Glycolysis

Beta oxidation

Citric acid cycle

Oxidative phosphorylation:

  • Electron transport chain
  • Chemiosmosis
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6
Q

Where does cellular respiration take place?

A

All stages except glycolysis take place in the mitochondria

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7
Q

What is the purpose of cellular respiration?

A

Generating Energy (ATP) from Glucose

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8
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

First step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism.
Glycolysis consists of energy-requiring phase followed by an energy-releasing phase.
Glucose (C6) -> 2x Pyruvate (C3)

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9
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

Cytoplasm

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10
Q

What is beta oxidation?

A

Fatty acids, wich are below C-22 length are converted to acetyl-CoA
Location: Mitochondrion

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11
Q

Where are fatty acids, wich are over C-22 length, broken down?

A

Peroxisomes

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12
Q

What is the citric acid cycle?

A

Location: Mitochondrial matrix
1 Acetyl CoA is converted to 2 CO2, 3 NADH, 1 FADH2 and 1 ATP
Because there are two Acetyl CoA: 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 and 2 ATP

It is los possible to break down amino acids

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13
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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14
Q

Where does the citric acid cycle take place?

A

Mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

What are the two stages of oxidative phosphorylation?

A

Electron transport chain and chemiosmosis

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16
Q

What is the process of chemiosmosis?

A

Mechanism where energy is stored in form of an H+ gradient between the intermembrane space and the mitochondrial matrix.
PROTON MOVE FORCE
- H+ gradient = maintained by electron transport chain
- H+ flows through the ion channels of ATP-Synthase
- ATP-Synthase catalyzes ATP from ADP
- Up to 32 ATPs are produced

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17
Q

How many H+ make 1 ATP?

A

3

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18
Q

How many ATP‘s does one NADH make?

A

2-3

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19
Q

How many ATP‘s does one FADH2 make?

A

2

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20
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

Long distance cell signaling over blood vessels

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21
Q

What is Paracrine signaling?

A

Signaling cell and target cell are close to each other

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22
Q

What is juxtacrine Signaling?

A

Contact dependent cell signaling

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23
Q

What is Autocrine signaling?

A

Signaling cell and target cell are the same

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24
Q

What are the two types of contact dependent cell signaling?

A
  • Juxtacrine signaling

- Signaling over junctions

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25
What kind of cell junctions exist?
- Gap junctions - Occluding/Tight junctions - Anchoring junctions
26
What are the three different types of anchoring junctions and hat are the functions?
Structural support Adherens junctions: Connect actin filaments to other cells Desmosomes: Connect intermediate filaments to other cells Hemidesmosomes: Connect intermediate filaments to ECM
27
What is the function of Gap junctions?
Communication
28
What are different parts of the nucleus?
- Nuclear envelope - Nuclear lamina - Nuclear pores - Nucleolus
29
What is the function of the nucleus?
It stores eukaryotic DNA
30
What is the nuclear envelope?
Part of the nucleus | Double membrane enclosing the chromatin
31
What is the nuclear lamina?
Part of the nucleus | Net of protein filaments that support membrane
32
What are the nuclear pores?
Part of the nucleus | Allow diffusion of small proteins and mRNA
33
What is the nucleolus?
Part of the nucleus | Place where rRNA is made
34
Wha is the endoplasmatic reticulum and where do you find it?
Eukaryotes | A network of membranous tubules and sacs called cisternae wich are connected to the nuclear envelope.
35
What does the endomembrane system consist of?
ER, Golgi, Nuclear envelope, Lysosomes
36
How do you call the internal matrix of the ER
Lumen
37
Wich proteins are responsible for protein folding?
Chaperones in the ER
38
What is the structure and function of the smooth ER?
Does not contain ribosomes on the outer surface - Synthesis of lipids (including steroid hormones) - Detoxifies by adding hydroxyl groups - Stores calcium ions (Ca+)
39
What is the structure and function of the rough ER?
Does contain ribosomes on its surface - Synthesis of membrane and secretory proteins - Protein folding by chaperones - Glycosilation of proteins
40
Of how many cisternae does the Golgi apparatus consist?
4-8
41
What is the Cis face of a Golgi body?
Receives vesicles: Located near smooth ER
42
What is the Trans face of a Golgi body?
Ships vesicles: Cisternae facing the outside
43
What holds the cisternae of the Gogi body together?
Matrix proteins
44
What is the function of the Golgi body?
Responsible for transporting, modifying and packaging of proteins
45
Where is the gogi body located?
Cytoplasm next to the ER
46
What is endocytosis?
Vesicle enters the cell
47
What is exocytosis?
Vesicle leaves the cell
48
What are 3 different types of endocytosis?
- Phagocytosis - Pinocytosis - Receptor-mediated endocytosis
49
What are two types of exocytosis?
- Constitutive secretion (without signal) | - Regulated secretion (Signal)
50
What is meant by the term: passive transport?
The movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy.
51
What are the three different types of passive transport?
- Diffusion - Osmosis - Facilitated diffusion
52
What is facilitated diffusion?
Type of passive transport. | Substances crossing the plasma membrane with the help of protein channels or carrier proteins.
53
What is osmosis?
Type of passive transport. | The diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane.
54
How can you calculate osmolarity?
Number of particles x concentration
55
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Small and non-polar molecules can just pass the membrane
56
What is active transport?
- ATP is required to move substances across a plasma membrane. - With help of carrier proteins - Usually against concentration gradient
57
What is the functions of ribosomes?
Synthesis of proteins (Translation)
58
What is the size difference between eukaryotic and prokaryotic ribosomes?
EU: 80s (small unit: 40s Large unit: 60s) PRO: 70s (small unit: 30s Large unit: 50s)
59
What are the three filamentous proteins the cytoskeleton is composed of?
- Microtubules - Actin filaments - Intermediate filaments
60
What are microtubles and what are its functions?
- Largest type of cytoskeleton filaments - Composed of protein called tubulin - Form the mitonic spindel - Transport in the cell
61
What are actin filaments?
- Smallest type of cytoskeletal filaments - Made of a protein called actin - Cell movement
62
What are intermediate filaments?
- mid-sized cytoskeletal filaments | - constructed from a number of different proteins
63
What is the role of the cytoskeleton?
- Shape - Internal Organisation - mechanical support - division and movement
64
What are the 6 most common post translational modifications, and where are they made?
- Folding (ER by chaperons) - Glycosylation (rER and Golgi) - (De-)phosphorylation - Proteolysis - Disulfide bridge formation (rER, mitochondrial intermembranespace) - Hydroxylation
65
What happens while (de-)phosphorylation of proteins?
Post translational process Phosphorylation: Activates (by kinase) Dephosphorylation: Deactivates (by phosphatase)
66
What is proteolysis?
Post translational modification | Removal of e.g. methionine, signal peptide
67
What are the 3 different ways of protein transport?
1. Gated transport 2. Transmembrane transport 3. Vesicular transport
68
What are the 3 different coat proteins for vesicular transport?
COP 1 COP 2 Clathrin
69
wich protein determines where a Vesicle should go?
RAB proteins
70
When is COP 1 the coat protein?
When a Vesicle should go from ER to Golgi
71
When is COP 2 the coat protein?
When a Vesicle should go from Golgi to ER/Golgi
72
When is clathrin the coat protein of a Vesicle?
When a Vesicle should go from Golgi/Outside to lysosome ore peripherie

The Lego Bricks Of Life (4 decks)

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