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BIOPHYSICS > CELL > Flashcards

CELL Flashcards

1
Q

All cells are surrounded by a structure called

A

cell membrane

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2
Q

Cell membranes are based on a framework of fat-based molecules

A

phospholipids

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3
Q

Within this membrane, a cell’s interior environment is water based.

A

cytoplasm

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4
Q

a DNA molecule surrounded by a protein coat
an infectious particle that reproduces by “commandeering” a host cell and using its machinery to make more viruses.

A

virus

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5
Q

A virus is made up of a DNA or RNA genome inside a protein shell called

A

capsid

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6
Q

self-replicating organelles made up of nine bundles of microtubules and are found only in animal cells. They appear to help in organizing cell division, but aren’t essential to the process.

A

centrioles

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7
Q

are essential for the locomotion of individual organisms. In multicellular organisms, cilia function to move fluid or materials past an immobile cell as well as moving a cell or group of cells.

A

cilia and flagella

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8
Q

a network of sacs that manufactures, processes, and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell. It is connected to the double-layered nuclear envelope, providing a pipeline between the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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9
Q

membrane-bound vesicles, formed via a complex family of processes collectively known as endocytosis

A

endosomes

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10
Q

It involves the invagination (folding inward) of a cell’s plasma membrane to surround macromolecules or other matter diffusing through the extracellular fluid.

A

endocytosis

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11
Q

is the distribution and shipping department for the cell’s chemical products. It modifies proteins and fats built in the endoplasmic reticulum and prepares them for export to the outside of the cell.

A

golgi apparatus

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12
Q

a very broad class of fibrous proteins that play an important role as both structural and functional elements of the cytoskeleton. Ranging in size from 8 to 12 nanometers, they function as tension-bearing elements to help maintain cell shape and rigidity.

A

intermediate filaments

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13
Q

break down cellular waste products and debris from outside the cell into simple compounds, which are transferred to the cytoplasm as new cell-building materials.

A

lysosome

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14
Q

solid rods made of globular proteins called actin. These filaments are primarily structural in function and are an important component of the cytoskeleton.

A

microfilaments

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15
Q

These straight, hollow cylinders are found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells (prokaryotes don’t have them) and carry out a variety of functions, ranging from transport to structural support.

A

microtubules

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16
Q

are oblong shaped organelles that are found in the cytoplasm of every eukaryotic cell. In the animal cell, they are the main power generators, converting oxygen and nutrients into energy.

A

mitochondria

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17
Q

a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information processing and administrative center of the cell. This organelle has two major functions: it stores the cell’s hereditary material, or DNA, and it coordinates the cell’s activities, which include growth, intermediary metabolism, protein synthesis, and reproduction (cell division).

A

nucleus

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18
Q

tiny organelles composed of approximately 60 percent RNA and 40 percent protein.

A

ribosome

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19
Q

are a diverse group of organelles that are found in the cytoplasm, roughly spherical and bound by a single membrane

A

microbodies

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20
Q

was formally developed in 1839 by M. J. Schleiden and T. Schwann. The theory was based not only on Schleiden’s and Schwann’s own microscopic observations, but also the observations and ideas expressed by others going as far back as the mid- to late-1600s, when scientists including Robert Hooke and Antonie van Leeuwenhoek began using microscopes to examine living things.

A

cell theory

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21
Q

Rudolf Virchow famously stated _______________ “All cells only arise from pre-existing cells. “

A

Omnis cellula e cellula

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22
Q

most common microbodies

A

peroxisomes

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23
Q

In eukaryotes, ribosomes are made of ___ strands of RNA. In prokaryotes, they consist of _____ strands of RNA.

A

4, 3

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24
Q

a rigid wall surrounding the plasma membrane

A

cell wall

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25
Q

The most important characteristic of plants is their ability to photosynthesize, in effect, to make their own food by converting light energy into chemical energy. This process is carried out in specialized organelles

A

chloroplast

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26
Q

network of sacs that manufactures, processes, and transports chemical compounds for use inside and outside of the cell.

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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27
Q

the distribution and shipping department for the cell’s chemical products.

A

golfi apparatus

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28
Q

solid rods made of globular proteins called actin. These filaments are primarily structural in function and are an important component of the cytoskeleton.

A

microfilaments

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29
Q

These straight, hollow cylinders are found throughout the cytoplasm of all eukaryotic cells (prokaryotes don’t have them) and carry out a variety of functions, ranging from transport to structural support

A

microtubules

30
Q

are small tubes that connect plant cells to each other, providing living bridges between cells.

A

plasmodesmata

31
Q

Resistance to phagocytosis, adherence to surfaces

A

capsule and slime layer

32
Q

Gives bacteria shape and protection from lysis in dilute solutions

A

cell wall

33
Q

Survival under harsh environmental conditions

A

endospore

34
Q

Attachment to surfaces, bacterial mating

A

fimbriae and pili

35
Q

Provides the power of motility or self-propulsion

A

flagella

36
Q

Buoyancy for floating in aquatic environments

A

gas vacuole

37
Q

Storage of carbon, phosphate, and other substances

A

inclusion bodies

38
Q

Localization of genetic material (DNA)

A

nucleoid

39
Q

Contains hydrolytic enzymes and binding proteins for nutrient processing and uptake’

A

periplasmic space

40
Q

intracellular digestion

A

lysosome

41
Q

prokaryote size

A

1-5 micrometer

42
Q

eukaryote size

A

greater tham 10 micrometer

43
Q

In 1972, S. J. Singer and Garth L. Nicolson proposed a new model of the plasma membrane that, compared to earlier understanding, better explained both microscopic observations and the function of the plasma membrane

A

fluid mosaic model

44
Q

are embedded in the plasma membrane and may span all or part of the membrane.

A

integral protein

45
Q

are found on the exterior or interior surfaces of membranes, attached either to integral proteins or to phospholipid molecules.

A

peripheral proteins

46
Q

third major component of plasma membranes.

A

carbohydrates

47
Q

make up the second major chemical component of plasma membranes.

A

proteins

48
Q

the movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular energy

A

passive transport

49
Q

the movement of substances across the membrane using energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

A

active transport

50
Q

difference in concentration of a substance across a space

A

concentration gradient

51
Q

the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

simple diffusion

52
Q

diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane

A

osmosis

53
Q

A solution that has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution

A

hypertonic

54
Q

a solution that has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution

A

hypotonic

55
Q

the concentration of water molecules is the same outside and inside the cells

A

isotonic

56
Q

the process by which cells take in substances from outside of the cell by engulfing them in a vesicle.

A

endocytosis

57
Q

also known as cell eating, is the process by which cells internalize large particles or cells, like damaged cells and bacteria

A

phagocytosis

58
Q

also known as cell drinking, is common in plant and animal cells. the cell takes in substances from the extracellular fluid that it needs to function. These include things like water and nutrients.

A

pinocytosis

59
Q

a type of white blood cell that play a central role in protecting mammals against pathogens like bacteria and viruses

A

macrophage

60
Q

the process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid.

A

exocytosis

61
Q

the expulsion of the materials is controlled, or regulated, by extracellular signals that cause membrane depolarization

A

regulated exocytosis

62
Q

doesn’t require any extracellular signals. The majority of molecules traveling to the plasma membrane do so using this pathway

A

constitutive exocytosis

63
Q

Cell increases in size
Cellular contents duplicated

A

G1 phase

64
Q

DNA replication
Each of the 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) is replicated by the cell

A

S phase

65
Q

Cell grows more
Organelles and proteins develop in preparation for cell division

A

G2 phase

66
Q

Mitosis followed by cytokinesis (cell separation)
Formation of two identical daughter cells

A

M phase

67
Q

a cell is performing its function without actively preparing to divide
a permanent state for some cells, while others may re-start division if they get the right signals

A

G0 phase

68
Q

located at G1 and is a key checkpoint

A

Restriction point

69
Q

a tumour suppressor gene that stops the progression of the cell cycle and starts repair mechanisms for the damaged DNA

A

protein p53

70
Q

control cell progression by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) enzymes.

A

cyclin

71
Q

restricts the ability of a cell to progress from G1 to S phase in the cell cycle.

A

retinoblastoma protein (Rb)

BIOPHYSICS (6 decks)

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