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1A > Cell > Flashcards

Cell Flashcards

1
Q

A structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell. [found in: plants, fungi, bacteria, algae]

A

Cell wall

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2
Q

The fluid, jelly-like substance that fills the cell. It’s mostly made of water. [in ALL cells]

A

Cytoplasm

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3
Q

A protective layer that covers the cell’s surface and controls what moves in and out of the cell. [in ALL cells]

A

Cell membrane

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4
Q

A large organelle in a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell’s DNA/chromosomes/genetic material.

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

Organelles in plant cells that trap sunlight; organelle in which photosynthesis takes place. [CO2 + H2O + sunlight –> sugar]

A

Chloroplast

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6
Q

Organelles in plant cells that trap sunlight; organelle in which photosynthesis takes place. [CO2 + H2O + sunlight –> sugar]

A

Chloroplast

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7
Q

Structures in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells made of DNA (–> which has instructions for making proteins) [DNA in ALL cells]

A

Chromosome

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8
Q

An organelle that makes proteins. [in ALL cells]

A

Ribosome

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9
Q

An organelle that makes proteins. [in ALL cells]

A

Ribosome

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10
Q

The organelle that digests food particles, wastes, cell parts, and foreign invaders. Found in animal cells and NOT plant cells.

A

Lysosomes

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11
Q

The organelles that that break down food/sugar to release energy [sugar + oxygen –> ENERGY + CO2 + H2O]

A

Mitochondria

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12
Q

The organelles that that break down food/sugar to release energy [sugar + oxygen –> ENERGY + CO2 + H2O]

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

The organelle that transports proteins around the cell.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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14
Q

The organelle that transports proteins around the cell.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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15
Q

The organelle that packages proteins before they leave the cell.

A

Golgi body

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16
Q

The organelle that packages proteins before they leave the cell.

A

Golgi body

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17
Q

The organelle that stores water and other materials. It is very large in plant cells

A

Vacuole

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18
Q

A darkened area inside the nucleus which stores materials that will be used to make ribosomes.

A

Nucleolus

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19
Q

A darkened area inside the nucleus which stores materials that will be used to make ribosomes.

A

Nucleolus

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20
Q

a single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles [example: bacteria, algae]

A

Prokaryotes

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21
Q

an organism made up of cells that contain their DNA in a nucleus [examples: animals, plants, fungi, protists]

A

Eukaryotes

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22
Q

a small body in a cell’s cytoplasm that is specialized to perform a specific function (EX: nucleus, Golgi, ribosome, etc.)

A

Organelle

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23
Q

a small body in a cell’s cytoplasm that is specialized to perform a specific function (EX: nucleus, Golgi, ribosome, etc.)

A

Organelle

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24
Q

Phase between two M (MITOSIS) Phase, >95% of cell cycle
G1, S and G2

A

Interphase

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25
Q

-Cell is metabolically active and grows
-Organelles duplicate

A

G1 phase

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26
Q
  • DNA Replication
    -Chromosome number remains the same, DNA amount doubles
  • Centriole duplicates
  • Synthesis of histone proteins
A

S (synthesis) phase

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27
Q

Protein synthesis for mitosis

A

G2 phase

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28
Q

Protein synthesis for mitosis

A

G2 phase

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29
Q

-Equational division

  • Karyokinesis- Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

-Cytokinesis

A

M (Mitosis) phase

30
Q

Chromosome condense
Centrosome move to opposite poles

ER, Golgi bodies, nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappear

31
Q

Sister chromatids visible, chromosomes are studied at this stage
Spindle fibres attached to kinetochore present at centromeres

Chromosomes get aligned at the equator

32
Q

Sister chromatids split and move to opposite poles

33
Q

Chromosomes lose their discrete identity and form clusters
Nuclear envelop develops around each cluster forming daughter nuclei

Nucleolus, ER, Golgi complex reappear

34
Q

Mitochondria, plastids, etc. get distributed in daughter cells.
In plants, wall formation starts in the middle as cell-plate.

Furrow method in animal cells

A

Cytokinesis

35
Q

Multinucleate cell resulting from absence of cytokinesis after karyokinesis.
E.g. Multinucleate, liquid endosperm in coconut

36
Q

Multinucleate cell resulting from absence of cytokinesis after karyokinesis.
E.g. Multinucleate, liquid endosperm in coconut

37
Q

Meiosis I and meiosis II

DNA replication only occurs once.

Chromosome number is halved in daughter cells

38
Q

Meiosis I and meiosis II

DNA replication only occurs once.

Chromosome number is halved in daughter cells

39
Q

Prophase 1

A

Leptotene
Zygotene

Pachytene

Diplotene

Diakinesis

40
Q

Prophase 1

A

Leptotene
Zygotene

Pachytene

Diplotene

Diakinesis

41
Q

Pairing of homologous chromosomes

Synapsis and formation of synaptonemal complex

Bivalent or tetrad chromosomes

42
Q

Crossing over and recombination

43
Q

Crossing over and recombination

44
Q

Chiasmata

Can last up to years in vertebrate oocytes.

45
Q

Separation of homologous chromosomes

Sister chromatids remain attached

A

Anaphase 1

46
Q

Separation of homologous chromosomes

Sister chromatids remain attached

A

Anaphase 1

47
Q

Inactive stage after G1, in cells that do not divide frequently, e.g. heart cells

A

G0 (quiescent stage)

48
Q

only some particles enter and exit the cell

A

Semipermeable

49
Q

only some particles enter and exit the cell

A

Semipermeable

50
Q

maintain homeostasis and regulate what comes in and out of the cell

A

Cell membrane

51
Q

movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

52
Q

movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration

53
Q

the movement of water from a high to low concentration

54
Q

the use of a carrier protein to move substances from a high to low concentration

A

facilitated diffusion

55
Q

a type of movement the does not require energy, moves substances down the gradient from a high to low concentration

A

passive transport

56
Q

a type of movement the does not require energy, moves substances down the gradient from a high to low concentration

A

passive transport

57
Q

a type of movement that requires energy, moves substances against the gradient from low to high

A

active transport

58
Q

a type of movement that requires energy, moves substances against the gradient from low to high

A

active transport

59
Q

equal(same) movement of water in and out of the cell

60
Q

equal(same) movement of water in and out of the cell

61
Q

less water outside the cell so water leaves the cell and the cell shrinks

A

Hypertonic

62
Q

less water outside the cell so water leaves the cell and the cell shrinks

A

Hypertonic

63
Q

more water outside the cell so water enters the cell and the cell swells

64
Q

large particles(food or bacteria) are surrounded and engulfed by the cell membrane

A

Phagocytosis

65
Q

large particles(food or bacteria) are surrounded and engulfed by the cell membrane

A

Phagocytosis

66
Q

liquid is brought in by a vesicle

A

pinocytosis

67
Q

cell deposits particles outside the cell

A

exocytosis

68
Q

cell deposits particles outside the cell

A

exocytosis

69
Q

active transport examples

A

endocytosis, exocytosis

70
Q

passive transport examples

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

1A (6 decks)

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