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1ST SEMESTER SY 2024-2025 > [CE 11] Engineering Geology > Flashcards

[CE 11] Engineering Geology Flashcards

1
Q

study of the earth

A

Geology

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2
Q

greek word for “earth”

A

ge

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3
Q

greek word for “study of”

A

logia

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4
Q

serves the art and science of engineering through description of the structures and attributes of the rocks connected with engineering works

A

Engineering Geology

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5
Q

How old is the earth?

A

4.57 billion years old

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6
Q

theory where the present reflects what happened in the past, developed by Georges Cuvier

A

Uniformitarianism

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7
Q

theory where the earth was shaped by short-lived, forceful events (catastrophes), based on James Hutton’s work

A

Catastrophism

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8
Q

Enumerate the chemical layers of the earth.

A

crust, mantle, core

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9
Q

Enumerate the mechanical layers of the earth

A

lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, and inner core

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10
Q

chemical layer that is composed mainly of iron

A

core

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11
Q

mechanical layer that is mainly liquid

A

outer core

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12
Q

mechanical layer that is mainly solid

A

inner core

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13
Q

chemical layer that is comprised of iron and magnesium silicate materials

A

mantle

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14
Q

mechanical layer where it is the solid rock part of the mantle

A

mesosphere

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15
Q

mechanical layer where it is the material after the mesosphere flow gradually (plastic) until the partially molten layer

A

asthenosphere

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16
Q

chemical layer wherein it is mainly granite (continents) and basalt (beneath the oceans)

A

crust

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17
Q

mechanical layer from outermost mantle to crust

A

lithosphere

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18
Q

How many tectonic plates is the lithosphere divide into?

A

20

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19
Q

the way temperature increase as one goes deeper into the Earth (30 C/km)

A

Geothermal Gradient

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20
Q

any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter

A

rocks

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21
Q

a mappable unit of rock consisting of an initially connected volume deposited in one interval of time

A

rock formation

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22
Q

a formation may contain an assortment of different kinds of rocks but there is a _______________ in the mix of rocks

A

prevailing character

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23
Q

formed by weathering of rocks, its physical property is dictated by the minerals that consists the weathered rock

A

soils

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24
Q

rock that is hot enough to the point of being molten (800-1300 C)

A

magma

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25
Q

form from the cooling of magma

A

igneous rocks

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26
Q

igneous rock that forms within crust; centuries-millions of years to form), also called plutonic rocks

A

intrusive igneous rocks

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27
Q

igneous rock that forms above surface; seconds to years to form), also called volcanic rocks

A

extrusive igneous rocks

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28
Q

part of bedrock exposed at the surface, these rocks are subject to some form of weathering (physical and chemical)

A

outcrop

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29
Q

smaller particles from the rocks after weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition process

A

sediments

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30
Q

at depths of hundreds of meters, sediments are compressed and cemented to become ___________

A

sedimentary rocks

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31
Q

when rocks (sedimentary rocks) are buried deeper and heated up and squeezed, they form _______________

A

metamorphic rocks

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32
Q

the process of bringing material buried under the surface onto the surface

A

uplift

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33
Q

getting material into deeper depths

A

burial

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34
Q

process involved in breaking down rocks and transferring to another place until it settles in a place

A

weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition

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35
Q

are naturally occurring inorganic compound with a definite composition

A

minerals

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36
Q

mineral property wherein it is not a reliable way to describe minerals by itself

A

color

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37
Q

color of the mineral in its powdered form

A

streak

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38
Q

the way the mineral reflects light

A

luster

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39
Q

measures the ability to scratch or be scratched

A

hardness

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40
Q

the way a mineral breaks along a plane easily and smoothly based on its lattice.

A

cleavage

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41
Q

the way a mineral breaks if there are no cleavage planes

A

fracture

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42
Q

mass/volume of a mineral

A

density

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43
Q

If cooling is fast (minutes to years), ______ crystals are formed.

A

small

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44
Q

If cooling is slow (decades to millions of years), _____ crystals are formed

A

large

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45
Q

If cooling is too rapid (seconds), _____ crystals are formed

A

no

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46
Q

extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth’s surface

A

magma

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47
Q

magma that has high silica content, causes explosive volcanic eruptions

A

felsic magma

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48
Q

magma that have low silica content and high ferromagnesian content, erupts at high temperatures

A

mafic magma

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49
Q

magma that have silica content and relatively high ferromagnesian content, compose the dark ocean floor

A

intermediate magma

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50
Q

magma that have low silica content and very high ferromagnesian content

A

ultramafic magma

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51
Q

shows how minerals are formed as magma cools and becomes igneous rocks

A

Bowen’s Reaction Series

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52
Q

the 2 branches of Bowen’s Reaction Series

A

Discontinuous and Continuous Branch

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53
Q

What are the minerals formed in the discontinuous branch of Bowen’s Reaction Series?

A

olivine - pyroxene - amphibole - biotite

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54
Q

What are the minerals formed in the continuous branch of Bowen’s Reaction Series?

A

plagioclase feldspar - potassium feldspar - muscovite mica - quartz

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55
Q

Mafic magma typically cools into Gabbro (intrusive form) or _______ (extrusive form)

A

Basalt

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56
Q

Intermediate magma typically cools into Diorite (intrusive form) or _______ (extrusive form)

A

Andesite

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57
Q

Felsic magma typically cools into Granite (intrusive form) or _______ (extrusive form)

A

Rhyolite

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58
Q

are intrusive bodies that have exposed area at the surface of more than 100 km^2

A

batholiths

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59
Q

are intrusive bodies that have exposed area at the surface of less than 100 km^2

A

stocks

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60
Q

pluton that is sheet-like and is parallel to the existing layering of the underground materials (horizontal)

A

sill

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61
Q

intrusive bodies that are similar to sill but cuts across the existing layers of underground materials (vertical)

A

dyke

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62
Q

a sill that has expanded and pushed the rock above it

A

laccolith

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63
Q

a “cylindrical” conduit (may have any cross-sectional shape) that serves to allow movement of magma from one point to another

A

pipe

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64
Q

typically the ideal bedrock, can handle high in-situ stresses

A

plutonic rock

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65
Q

being exposed to weather, rather the forces that may change it on earth like rains, winds, moving body of water, animals, plants, etc.

A

weathering

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66
Q

process that transform rocks into soil, fractures, and exposes more surface area of the rock for chemical weathering

A

physical weathering

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67
Q

destroys mineral structures to weaken rocks for physical weathering to be easier

A

chemical weathering

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68
Q

type of physical weathering where the rock is weathered and transported over time, the rock gets exposed, and this also REDUCES the pressure the rock experiences

A

exfoliation

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69
Q

type of physical weathering that relates to ice and root wedging

A

disrupting forces

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70
Q

type of physical weathering where saltwater infiltrates rocks, and salt crystals grow in the rock and crack it

A

crystal growth

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71
Q

type of physical weathering where there is a bending of rocks due to unequal heating and cooling may cause rocks to break

A

unequal temperature

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72
Q

a chemical weathering agent that needs water and carbon dioxide

A

carbonic acid

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73
Q

a chemical weathering agent that can be related to ferromagnesian silicates being altered to that its iron becomes dissolved iron

A

oxidation

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74
Q

removal of weathered materials, helps weathering happen more as weathered materials are moved and thus exposing the rock again

A

erosion

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75
Q

the movement of sediment and/or dissolve ions from point A to point B

A

transportation

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76
Q

the key factor affecting which sediments it can move, depends on various factors such as geometry of path and the season

A

velocity

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77
Q

Terrestrial Depoitional Environments: sediments are moved by gravity and moving water and ice and is usually deposited in land areas or other water bodies like streams or rivers

A

glacial

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78
Q

Terrestrial Depositional Environments: sediments are pulled downwards by gravity and ends up in steep sided valleys

A

alluvial

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79
Q

Terrestrial Depositional Environments: sediments are carried by water to streams and may be deposited there

A

fluvial

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80
Q

Terrestrial Depositional Environments: sediments are moved by water flowing into a lake

A

lacustrine

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81
Q

Terrestrial Depositional Environments: much like lacustrine but lakes are situated in arid areas and sediments are mostly salts and clays

A

evaporitic

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82
Q

Terrestrial Depositional Environments: sediments are sand and silt carried by wind into deserts and coastal areas

A

aeolian

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83
Q

Marine Depositional Environments: sediments are moved by currents/tides to tidal flats

A

tidal

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84
Q

Marine Depositional Environments: sediments are moved by water into deltas

A

deltaic

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85
Q

Marine Depositional Environments: sediments are almost not moved and settles to the lagoon bottom

A

lagoonal

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86
Q

Marine Depositional Environments: carbonates are carried by waves and tidal currents to be deposited in reefs and basins around it

A

reef

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87
Q

Marine Depositional Environments: sediments are carried by waves and tidal currents to shelves and slopes

A

shallow water marine

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88
Q

Marine Depositional Environments: sediments are washed by ocean currents into deep ocean abyssal plains

A

deep water marine

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89
Q

Marine Depositional Environments: sediments are carried by underwater gravity flows into the slopes and abyssal plains in the figure

A

submarine fan

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90
Q

sedimentary rocks are formed from the _______ of sediments

A

lithification

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91
Q

newer sediments bury the older sediments at point B causing covering and compacting of material

A

burial

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92
Q

as sediments are buried, the sediments are squeezed/compacted together

A

compaction

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93
Q

at depths of hundreds to thousands of meters, minerals crystallizes at pores and contact points of sediments, cementing together to form sedimentary rocks

A

cementation

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94
Q

type of sedimentary rocks that were transported as solid fragments or clasts

A

clastic

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95
Q

type of sedimentary rocks that were transported as ions in solution

A

chemical

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96
Q

rock or mineral fragment of various sizes

A

clast

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97
Q

has at least 75% silt or clay composition and form in very low-energy environment

A

mudrock

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98
Q

made up mostly of sand

A

sandstone

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99
Q

sandstone w/ silt and clay <15%:

A

clean sandstone/arenite

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100
Q

sandstone w/ silt and clay >15%

A

wacke

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101
Q

Clastic Sedimentary Groups: if the clasts are rounded, they will be known as _______

A

conglomerate

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102
Q

Clastic Sedimentary Groups: if the clasts are angular, they are called _______

A

breccia

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103
Q

Clastic Sedimentary Groups: often classified as organic sedimentary rock due to its composition of decayed material

A

coal

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104
Q

Chemical Sedimentary Rock: composed mostly of the minerals: calcite and aragonite, the crystal form of calcium carbonate

A

limestone

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105
Q

Chemical Sedimentary Rock: limestone composed of calcite minerals made from biochemical processes

A

chalk

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106
Q

Chemical Sedimentary Rock: another carbonate rock primarily composed of mineral dolomite, recrystallization of older limestones

A

dolomite rock

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107
Q

Chemical Sedimentary Rock: chemically precipitated silica from biological remains

A

chert

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108
Q

Chemical Sedimentary Rock: when waters in lakes and rivers evaporate, they become concentrated with dissolved ions which then crystallize into ________

A

evaporites

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109
Q

Chemical Sedimentary Rock: composed mainly of the mineral halite

A

rock salt

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110
Q

Chemical Sedimentary Rock: composed mainly of the mineral gypsum

A

rock gypsum

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111
Q

Geological Principles for Sedimentary Structures: sediments are deposited and accumulated horizontally, any layers that are tilted must have been subject to tectonic forces

A

Principle of Original Horizontality

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112
Q

Geological Principles for Sedimentary Structures: layers are deposited in sequence and older is always at the bottom

A

Principle of Superposition

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113
Q

Geological Principles for Sedimentary Structures: any rock/fragment in a layer is older than the layer itself much like the rocks in a conglomerate is older than the conglomerate itself

A

Principle of Inclusions

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114
Q

Geological Principles for Sedimentary Structures: fossils may be used to determine the age of the rock it is in

A

Principle of Faunal Succession

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115
Q

layering of sediments that can be seen in changes in texture, color, composition, etc.

A

bedding

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116
Q

are narrow gaps in between layers shown in a bedding

A

partings

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117
Q

bedding that has angled layers within horizontal beds

A

cross-bedding

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118
Q

linked to cross bedding are _______ on the surface of the sediment bed

A

ripples

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119
Q

sediments in a flowing water body may become _______ - they tile towards one direction, with their tops tilting towards the direction of a flow

A

imbricated

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120
Q

a bed where gradation/gradual change of grain size from large to small is seen as from bottom to top

A

graded bedding

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121
Q

when a shallow body of water dries up, the mud at its bottom dries up and cracks due to the clay in the mud shrinking as it dries

A

mudcracks

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122
Q

deterioration of a rock after exposure, often by excavation

A

slaking

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123
Q

topography formed from dissolution of soluble rocks, characterized by underground drainage with sinkholes and caves

A

karst

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124
Q

a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer

A

sinkhole

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125
Q

these rocks have altered fabric form the parent rock by different mineral sizes, arrangements, and textures

A

metamorphic rocks

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126
Q

process of transforming minerals and structures of rocks involving heat and distortion, together or separately

A

metamorphism

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127
Q

rocks are buried deep (10-20 km typically) and spans thousands of square kilometers

A

regional metamorphism

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128
Q

a body of magma in the upper part of crust can be the source of heat and metamorphose rock around it

A

contact metamorphism

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129
Q

considered to be the igneous or sedimentary rock origin of the metamorphic rock

A

parent rock

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130
Q

controls what kind of metamorphism may take place

A

temperature

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131
Q

affects the texture of the resulting metamorphic rock, also causes metamorphic rocks to have foliation

A

pressure

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132
Q

same pressure from all directions

A

equal confining pressure

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133
Q

pressure from sides is higher than pressure at top and bottom

A

directed pressure

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134
Q

pressure pushes one side in one direction and the other side in the opposite direction

A

shear stress

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135
Q

minerals that have the same composition but different crystal structure

A

polymorphs

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136
Q

facilitates ion transfer and may make metamorphic process go faster

A

water

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137
Q

needed for metamorphic process to happen - estimates of new mineral growths are around 1 mm every million years

A

time

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138
Q

directed pressure or shear stress is needed in the environment to form this kind of rock

A

foliated metamorphic rocks

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139
Q

no directed pressure environment or environment with little pressure

A

non-foliated metamorphic rocks

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140
Q

“layering” or “banding” in metamorphic rocks causing “sheet-like” structure

A

foliation

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141
Q

low-grade metamorphism of shale

A

slate

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142
Q

similar to slate but heated to a higher temperature

A

phyllite

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143
Q

high enough temperatures forming mica big enough to be seen by the naked eye, possibly with quartz, feldspar, etc. visible

A

schist

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144
Q

minerals have been separated into distinct bands

A

gneiss

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145
Q

form in areas where pressure is just confining pressure (same pressure from all sides) or low-pressure conditions

A

non-foliated rocks

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146
Q

metamorphosed sandstone

A

quartzite

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147
Q

metamorphosed limestone

A

marble

148
Q

difference of a material’s property at different directions

A

anisotropy

149
Q

Who proposed the Continental Drift Theory?

A

Alfred Wegener

150
Q

Pangaea eventually broke off into _______ and _______

A

Laurasia; Gondwana

151
Q

suggests that the seafloor moves and carries the crust with it as it spreads from a central rift axis (oceanic ridge)

A

seafloor spreading

152
Q

Continental crust _______ and Oceanic crust _______

A

ascends; descends

153
Q

record of the earth magnetic field through time in rocks

A

paleomagnetism

154
Q

a rock mineral that is highly magnetic and aligns with the magnetic field

A

magnetite

155
Q

the unifying theory of geology

A

Plate Tectonics Theory

156
Q

spreading boundaries

A

divergent boundary

157
Q

dyke within a dyke within a dyke

A

sheeted dykes

158
Q

plates moves towards each other

A

convergent boundary

159
Q

since both plates are quite dense, one of them subducts and usually forms an ocean trench

A

oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary

160
Q

since oceanic crust/plate is denser than the continental crust/plate, oceanic crust/plate subducts underneath continental crust

A

oceanic-continental convergent boundary

161
Q

happens when the plate has moved so much that continental part of it becomes the one converging with another continental material

A

continental-continental convergent boundary

162
Q

plates slides across each other without creation or destruction of crustal material

A

transform boundary

163
Q

upwelling of mantle causes newer and warmer material to form that will in turn be pushing older and colder material away from the ridge

A

ridge push

164
Q

older and colder plate segments at subduction zones become colder and denser thus goes down further and pulls the rest of the plate attached to it

A

slab pull

165
Q

main mechanisms of movement of plates

A

ridge push, slab pull, and convection traction

166
Q

melting or partial melting of hot rock as pressure on it is reduced

A

decompression melting

167
Q

when water is added into a rock, it lowers the melting point of the rock

A

flux melting

168
Q

mantle material is melted by simply adding heat

A

heat-induced melting

169
Q

spot where hot mantle material goes up through the crust and up above the surface

A

mantle plumes

170
Q

elongation/stretching of the crust in some areas resulting to its thinning

A

continental rifting

171
Q

occurs when plates collide or shear past each other, when intrusions are emplaced, when uplift or subsidence occurs or when earth is stress at specific points

A

rock deformation

172
Q

caused by extension forces in rocks

A

joints

173
Q

produced from bending of rock strata without rupture

A

folds

174
Q

crustal rock failure by shear rupture

A

faults

175
Q

faults whose movement is parallel to the dip of the fault

A

dip-slip faults

176
Q

wall above the fault plane

A

hanging wall

177
Q

wall below the fault plane

A

foot wall

178
Q

rocks are pulled apart

A

normal fault

179
Q

rocks are pushed together

A

reverse fault

180
Q

faults whose movement is along the strike or length of fault

A

strike-slip fault

181
Q

existed before PMB and contains the oldest rocks in the country

A

Palawan Continental Block

182
Q

collision of Sunda Plate, Philippine Sea Plate, and Indo-Australian Plate

A

Philippine Mobile Belt

183
Q

aims to foresee problems that may arise and figure out possible ways to address them

A

site investigation

184
Q

aims to identify problems that may arise in relation to the geology of a site and the proposed structure, as well as possible solutions

A

geological investigation

185
Q

3 general phases of geological investigation

A

desk study, preliminary reconnaissance, and site exploration

186
Q

aims to gather and study all available literature and data related to the site

A

desk study

187
Q

maps that show the geology of an area including data related to the rock units and distribution in the area, geologic structures, age relationships of the rocks, as well as cross section view of the map

A

geologic maps

188
Q

map of surface geology - shows data about material occurring at ground surface including alluvium, mud, and other materials

A

drift edition

189
Q

map with no drift shown. only the SOLID geology underneath

A

solid edition

190
Q

scientific process to map geologic features in the area concerned and create maps of it

A

geologic mapping

191
Q

technology that allows easier management of spatial data

A

GIS - Geographic Information System

192
Q

allows determination of precise location

A

GPS - Global Positioning System

193
Q

uses aircraft or satellites to measure reflected and emitted radiation to monitor physical characteristics of an area or structure in an area

A

remote sensing

194
Q

uses emitted electromagnetic radiation related to temperature of objects

A

infrared linscan (IRLS)

195
Q

pulses of energy are shot from an aircraft, bounces off the ground, and is received by the aircraft again

A

side-looking airborne radar (SLAR)

196
Q

uses laser in determining the distance or range of an object by computing the time for it to return

A

light detecting and ranging (LiDAR)

197
Q

shows mainly the elevation data related to the map. It uses contour lines to show which areas are at the same altitude/elevation and thus allows for visualization of flat areas vs, slope areas and how steep slopes are

A

topographic map

198
Q

much like geologic maps, but these show data and distribution of soil in an area

A

soil maps

199
Q

shows the site’s susceptibility to various hazards like earthquake or liquefaction

A

hazard maps

200
Q

during this, a lot of information is noted related to the site as it is like soil and rocks observed, vegetation, slopes, evidence of possible problems like cracks on the ground or rocks, etc.

A

preliminary reconnaissance

201
Q

report made that summarizes all details related to the project and site, the possible issues, as well as future work suggestions to further determine feasibility of project or rule-out possible issues and data to be used for design phase.

A

pre-site exploration report

202
Q

excavations where samples are taken

A

test pits or trenches

203
Q

holes in the ground are drilled and samples are taken. Holes commonly reaches several meters in depth

A

drillholes or boreholes

204
Q

generally accomplished with a diamond tip rock core barrel attached to a drill rig

A

rock coring

205
Q

amount or length of material collected divided by the total length of the core run

A

core recovery

206
Q

modified core recovery percentage in which the lengths of all sound rock core pieces over 100 mm in length are summed and divided by the length of the core run

A

rock quality designation

207
Q

degree of wetness/dryness of the rock

A

moisture content

208
Q

measures the durability of a rock, can be correlated to the compressive strength

A

point load index

209
Q

determines the compressive strength

A

unconfined compression test

210
Q

drilling devices/drilling bits to excavate soil from a hole

A

augers

211
Q

operated by hand, has limited depth reach (3-5m)

A

hand-augers

212
Q

powered by an external source, reaches greater depths

A

powered-augers

213
Q

way of soil sampling used for standard penetration testing, hollow tube with driving shoe at the bottom

A

split spoon

214
Q

way of soil sampling that are thin-walled tubes usually used in obtaining undisturbed clay samples

A

shelby tubes

215
Q

water is pumped under pressure in drillholes and the rate of resulting water flow is measured

A

water-pressure testing

216
Q

holes are typically left overnight for groundwater to stabilize and the depth of water is measured

A

water table measurement

217
Q

methods where soil is not directly sampled but may still be disturbed in some manner

A

geophysical methods

218
Q

Seismic and Resistivity are in what field of force

A

artificial

219
Q

gravity and magnetic methods are in what field of force

A

natural

220
Q

uses the energy from an explosion or pounding/hammering in/on the ground

A

seismic methods

221
Q

seismic exploration that has a shot point and several geophones/receivers

A

seismic refraction

222
Q

In short distances, _______ are received by geophones first while at longer distances, _______ are received first.

A

direct waves; refracted waves

223
Q

used to locate faults, landslides, and bedrock channels, requires much deeper area

A

seismic reflection

224
Q

the concept behind this is the variation in the conductivity

A

resistivity methods

225
Q

involves measurement of one or more magnetic or electric field components

A

electromagnetic methods

226
Q

device with transmitter and receiver

A

terrain conductivity meter

227
Q

use radio transmitters and wider in range (thousands of kilometers)

A

very low frequency method

228
Q

uses pulsed electromagnetic waves and their time needed to be reflected and provides high resolution

A

ground probing radar

229
Q

the local geomagnetic field will have anomalies related to the magnetization of rocks

A

magnetic methods

230
Q

relies on the variations of gravity field

A

gravity methods

231
Q

any potential source of harm

A

hazard

232
Q

situation of people, infrastructure, and human assets in an area

A

exposure

233
Q

susceptibility of a community to harm

A

vulnerability

234
Q

chance of the harm occurring under circumstances

A

risk

235
Q

widespread geologic conditions that may cause damage and loss of property and life

A

geohazards

236
Q

movement of rock or soil down the slope under the influence of gravity, referred to as landslide

A

mass wasting

237
Q

sudden movement of material down a slope of cliff

A

fall

238
Q

tipping over or forward rotation of a mass about one of its points

A

topple

239
Q

movement of mass along a rupture zone or zones of great shearing

A

slides

240
Q

curved rupture zone: _______; planar rupture zone: _______

A

rotational;translational

241
Q

soil or rock extends and gets thinner and subsides into the softer material below

A

spreads

242
Q

special kind of spread that happens on very gentle or almost flat terrain

A

lateral spread

243
Q

continuous movement of material such that the surfaces of failure are very close to each other and are not saved

A

flow

244
Q

flows with loose soil and rock that creates a slurry flowing down, and as such

A

debris flow

245
Q

debris flow but with volcanic materials as the main materials rather than usual soil and rock

A

volcanic debris flow/lahar

246
Q

extreme debris flow

A

debris avalanche

247
Q

flow but made up predominantly of finer soils

A

earthflow

248
Q

slower earthflow

A

creep

249
Q

weak to violent shaking of the ground due to sudden movement of rock materials below the earth’s surface

A

earthquakes

250
Q

produced by sudden movement along faults and plate boundaries

A

tectonic earthquakes

251
Q

induced by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes

A

volcanic earthquakes

252
Q

point where the earthquake starts

A

hypocenter

253
Q

point on the surface directly above the hypocenter

A

epicenter

254
Q

largest earthquake

A

main shock

255
Q

happens before the main shock

A

foreshocks

256
Q

happens after the main shock

A

aftershocks

257
Q

related to the fault itself as the source of earthquake

A

source

258
Q

factors due to the path the seismic waves travel through

A

path

259
Q

factors related to the site concerned

A

site

260
Q

waves that go through earth’s interior

A

body waves

261
Q

waves that travel along the surface of the earth

A

surface waves

262
Q

body waves have _______ frequency than surface waves

A

higher

263
Q

transferred via motions alternating between compressions and extensions, can travel through solids and liquids

A

p-waves

264
Q

moves side to side or up and down, travels through solids only

A

s-waves

265
Q

moves the ground from side to side

A

love waves

266
Q

action similar to an ocean wave as it rolls across the body of water

A

rayleigh waves

267
Q

based on the amount of energy released, measured by a seismograph

A

magnitude

268
Q

based on the effect or shaking felt in a site, different for every site

A

intensity

269
Q

the magnitude scale used now

A

moment magnitude scale

270
Q

the Philippines way of measuring intensity

A

PEIS - PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale

271
Q

outlines how earthquakes are incorporated into design of structures

A

NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines)

272
Q

deformation on the ground that marks, the intersection of the fault with the earth’s surface

A

ground rupture

273
Q

disruptive up, down and sideways vibration of the ground during an earthquake

A

ground shaking

274
Q

phenomenon wherein sediments, especially near bodies of water, behave like liquid similar to a quicksand

A

liquefaction

275
Q

down slope movement of rocks, solid, and other debris commonly triggered by strong shaking

A

earthquake-induced landslides

276
Q

series of waves caused commonly by an earthquake under the sea

A

tsunami

277
Q

vent, hill, or mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous materials have been ejected

A

volcano

278
Q

________ plate boundaries produce intermediate to felsic lava

A

convergent

279
Q

________ plate boundaries produce mafic lava

A

divergent

280
Q

eruption due to decompression of gas within magma which propels it forward

A

magmatic eruption

281
Q

driven by superheating of steam due to close proximity of magma. No magmatic release but vapor

A

phreatic eruption

282
Q

direct interaction of water and magma cause thermal contraction. Both magma and vapor release

A

phreatomagmatic eruption

283
Q

magma on the earth’s surface

A

lava

284
Q

smooth looking and “ropey” lava, less viscous

A

pahoehoe

285
Q

rubbly/blocky, more viscous and thus can flow in thicker heights compared to pahoehoe

A

aa

286
Q

pertains to rock fragments broken down by fire or heat

A

pyroclastic materials

287
Q

any volcanic fragment ejected into the air by an eruption, also called tephra

A

pyroclasts

288
Q

rivers of incandescent of molten rock or lava moving downslope or away from an eruption vent

A

lava flow

289
Q

the deadliest direct volcanic hazard, they are mixtures of fragmented volcanic particles, hot gases, and ash that rush down the volcanic slopes

A

pyroclastic density current

290
Q

laterally-directed thrusts of hot gas and ash that can be generated from an exploding dome on the summit vent or inside the edifice when sudden mass failure of the volcanic flanks occur

A

lateral blasts

291
Q

also called: volcanic mudflow or debris flow

A

lahar

292
Q

caused by mass failure of the flanks of a volcano edifice due to magma intrusion, a strong earthquake or the movements of faults beneath the edifice

A

debris avalanche

293
Q

Volcanic Activity: erupted within historical times, accounts of these eruptions were documented by man; erupted within the last 10,000 years based on the analyses of material from young volcanic deposits

A

active

294
Q

Volcanic Activity: morphologically young-looking but with no historical or analytical records of eruption

A

Potentially Active

295
Q

Volcanic Activity: no recorded eruptions; physical form has been intensively weathered and eroded, bearing deep and long gullies

A

Inactive

296
Q

reference guide in understanding the state of an active volcano

A

PHIVOLCS Volcano Alert Level Scheme

297
Q

bottom part of a structure that serves to transfer the load of the structure onto the earth

A

foundation

298
Q

soil/rock directly beneath the foundation

A

bed/foundation bed

299
Q

the limit when one part breaks due to too much load. This may mean that the ground cannot support the foundation and gives way, or the foundation itself breaks from too much load from the structure

A

strength limit

300
Q

this is the limit related to the function or usability of the foundation. In our foundation example, this may mean that while the soil can still carry the load, the foundation has sunk too much that the structure is no longer usable

A

serviceability limit

301
Q

maximum load that the foundation, based on its dimensions and rock/soil supporting it, can carry

A

bearing capacity

302
Q

time-independent deformation of a material with the application of load, happens during construction or immediately after

A

elastic deformation

303
Q

expulsion of pore fluids from voids due to increase in stress

A

consolidation

304
Q

swelling of expansive minerals with reaction to water

A

swelling

305
Q

natural process of a material to deform upon application of stress over time

A

creep

306
Q

settlement is the same for all points of structure, hence the structure simply “sinks”

A

uniform settlement

307
Q

settlement is different for different points of the structure, hence it may seem to “sink” and “rotate” at the same time

A

differential settlement

308
Q

called as such since they are usually founded at shallow depths

A

shallow foundation

309
Q

one footing 1 for each column

A

isolated spread footing

310
Q

also called strip footing/continuous footing, supports the wall

A

wall footing

311
Q

footings with more than 1 column on them

A

combined footing

312
Q

two separate spread footings and then joined together by a strap beam

A

strap footings

313
Q

large foundation supporting more than 1 line of columns; may also cover the whole structure

A

mat foundation

314
Q

used when the top layers are too weak to support the structure

A

pile foundation

315
Q

piles that are hammered and driven into the ground

A

driven

316
Q

holes are excavated and concrete is poured into the hole creating the pile

A

bored

317
Q

Piles carry load in 2 ways, what are these?

A

end bearing capacity and skin friction

318
Q

includes understanding of what geologic material (soil/rock) can be used in certain parts of a road/tracks to maintain its stability and durability

A

Pavement/Road/Rail Design

319
Q

requires a lot of data on the soil and rocks present, necessary for installing structures beneath the surface

A

excavation

320
Q

related to rock durability of the rocks to be excavated

A

rock excavatibility

321
Q

pertains to the ability of the cut rocks to hold with or without any anchoring

A

rock wall stability

322
Q

usually used in highly weathered rocks and soils, uses hoes and dozers to collect materials

A

digging

323
Q

ratio or percentage of the volume change of excavated material to the volume of the original in situ volume before excavation

A

bulk factor

324
Q

process where drilling and blasting is used to make a shear surface (or weakness) in a rock

A

pre-splitting

325
Q

used to loosen or break large and intact rocks, includes short motion of rotation and hammering

A

drilling

326
Q

determines the strength of the drill bit to be used

A

rock hardness

327
Q

how fast the rock wears out the drill bits; related to hardness and affected by particle shape and texture

A

rock abrasiveness

328
Q

coarser rocks can be drilled through faster

A

rock grains’ size

329
Q

certain angles of drilling with respect to the discontinuities can make drilling harder or easier

A

rock discontinuities

330
Q

using explosives, put in blastholes, to break up rocks

A

blasting

331
Q

Blast Spacing Factors: the stronger the rock, the closer the blastholes may need to be

A

rock strength

332
Q

Blast Spacing Factors: the denser the rock, the closer the blastholes as well

A

rock density

333
Q

blasting needs to be done such that the weaknesses are exploited, such that minimal blast strength will be needed

A

rock’s fracture pattern

334
Q

breaking the rocks just enough so that they can be loaded to trucks

A

ripping

335
Q

system that uses bracing in the excavation to support the excavated walls. The braces may run from one side to the other of the excavation

A

braced system

336
Q

system where the supporting wall is embedded deep enough so that it can support the excavated wall and prevent it from caving into the hole

A

sheet pile

337
Q

Braced Cuts: keep the sheets/vertical planks in place

A

wales

338
Q

Braced Cuts: transfer the load to the other side of the excavation

A

struts

339
Q

rocks may have residual stress and when tunneled, it may be dissipated via _______

A

rock bursting

340
Q

giant machines that tunnel through rock and soil and create the tunnel support system as they go along as well

A

tunnel boring machine

341
Q

amount of time the rock mass can remain stable unsupported

A

stand-up time/bridging capacity

342
Q

Tunnelling Support: special “bolts” that attaches the sides of a tunnel to the material behind it

A

rock bolts

343
Q

concrete shot at the sides to be the lining and provide support, can be used with rock bolts and reinforcing mesh

A

shotcrete

344
Q

arches to hold the tunnel shape much like how arches may support the interior of ay structure

A

steel arches

345
Q

structure that traps/stops water from flowing further

A

dam

346
Q

the body of water that the dam controls

A

reservoir

347
Q

dams that are made up of rocks and soil, materials from these dams are usually collected on site

A

earth dams

348
Q

rocks that are cut to desired sizes for decoration or for building purposes

A

building/dimension stone

349
Q

blocks of rock that protect structures (may be single size or collection of widely-graded rocks like riprap) that protect structures

A

armor stone

350
Q

crushed rock that is used for concrete making, may be coarse and fine

A

aggregates

351
Q

uses limestone (major component), silica, alumina, and iron

A

cement

352
Q

the study of how to detect and monitor underground water supplies, as well as possible contamination monitoring from the soils surrounding the aquifer

A

groundwater analysis

353
Q

in charge of interpreting geologic data and providing a conceptual model representing the morphology and engineering-geologic classification of a rock unit

A

engineering geologist

354
Q

evaluates the strength and deformability of rocks and the resulting implications in the project using their knowledge in soil and rock mechanics

A

geotechnical engineer

355
Q

know and understand the type, purpose, and requirements of the structure to be built

A

Site Investigation: Know the Project

356
Q

collect relevant information about the regional geology in the area from available literature and sources

A

Site Investigation: Desk Study

357
Q

inspect the specific site and neighboring areas, document using logs and photos

A

Site Investigation: Reconnaissance

358
Q

should be considered in both steps previously mentioned, info may be collected from government agencies and on-site investigations

A

Site Investigation: Hazard Assessment

359
Q

Rock Descriptors: informal name assigned to a rock unit

A

unit designation

360
Q

Rock Descriptors: geologic classification; preliminary indicator of rock mass behavior

A

rock type

361
Q

Rock Descriptors: engineering properties are altered by varying degrees of weathering

A

degree of weathering

362
Q

Rock Descriptors: indicator of strength and deformability

A

hardness

363
Q

Rock Descriptors: strength is affected by grain composition

A

texture

364
Q

Rock Descriptors: discontinuity spacing and thickness of bedding

A

rock structure

365
Q

Rock Descriptors: filled with sediments or water, roughness

A

condition of discontinuities

366
Q

Rock Descriptors: indicative of mineral constituent

A

color

1ST SEMESTER SY 2024-2025 (3 decks)

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