[CE 11] Engineering Geology Flashcards
1
Q
study of the earth
A
Geology
2
Q
greek word for “earth”
A
ge
3
Q
greek word for “study of”
A
logia
4
Q
serves the art and science of engineering through description of the structures and attributes of the rocks connected with engineering works
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Engineering Geology
5
Q
How old is the earth?
A
4.57 billion years old
6
Q
theory where the present reflects what happened in the past, developed by Georges Cuvier
A
Uniformitarianism
7
Q
theory where the earth was shaped by short-lived, forceful events (catastrophes), based on James Hutton’s work
A
Catastrophism
8
Q
Enumerate the chemical layers of the earth.
A
crust, mantle, core
9
Q
Enumerate the mechanical layers of the earth
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lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesosphere, outer core, and inner core
10
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chemical layer that is composed mainly of iron
A
core
11
Q
mechanical layer that is mainly liquid
A
outer core
12
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mechanical layer that is mainly solid
A
inner core
13
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chemical layer that is comprised of iron and magnesium silicate materials
A
mantle
14
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mechanical layer where it is the solid rock part of the mantle
A
mesosphere
15
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mechanical layer where it is the material after the mesosphere flow gradually (plastic) until the partially molten layer
A
asthenosphere
16
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chemical layer wherein it is mainly granite (continents) and basalt (beneath the oceans)
A
crust
17
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mechanical layer from outermost mantle to crust
A
lithosphere
18
Q
How many tectonic plates is the lithosphere divide into?
A
20
19
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the way temperature increase as one goes deeper into the Earth (30 C/km)
A
Geothermal Gradient
20
Q
any naturally occurring solid mass or aggregate of minerals or mineraloid matter
A
rocks
21
Q
a mappable unit of rock consisting of an initially connected volume deposited in one interval of time
A
rock formation
22
Q
a formation may contain an assortment of different kinds of rocks but there is a _______________ in the mix of rocks
A
prevailing character
23
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formed by weathering of rocks, its physical property is dictated by the minerals that consists the weathered rock
A
soils
24
Q
rock that is hot enough to the point of being molten (800-1300 C)
A
magma
25
form from the cooling of magma
igneous rocks
26
igneous rock that forms within crust; centuries-millions of years to form), also called plutonic rocks
intrusive igneous rocks
27
igneous rock that forms above surface; seconds to years to form), also called volcanic rocks
extrusive igneous rocks
28
part of bedrock exposed at the surface, these rocks are subject to some form of weathering (physical and chemical)
outcrop
29
smaller particles from the rocks after weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition process
sediments
30
at depths of hundreds of meters, sediments are compressed and cemented to become ___________
sedimentary rocks
31
when rocks (sedimentary rocks) are buried deeper and heated up and squeezed, they form _______________
metamorphic rocks
32
the process of bringing material buried under the surface onto the surface
uplift
33
getting material into deeper depths
burial
34
process involved in breaking down rocks and transferring to another place until it settles in a place
weathering, erosion, transportation, and deposition
35
are naturally occurring inorganic compound with a definite composition
minerals
36
mineral property wherein it is not a reliable way to describe minerals by itself
color
37
color of the mineral in its powdered form
streak
38
the way the mineral reflects light
luster
39
measures the ability to scratch or be scratched
hardness
40
the way a mineral breaks along a plane easily and smoothly based on its lattice.
cleavage
41
the way a mineral breaks if there are no cleavage planes
fracture
42
mass/volume of a mineral
density
43
If cooling is fast (minutes to years), ______ crystals are formed.
small
44
If cooling is slow (decades to millions of years), _____ crystals are formed
large
45
If cooling is too rapid (seconds), _____ crystals are formed
no
46
extremely hot liquid and semi-liquid rock located under Earth's surface
magma
47
magma that has high silica content, causes explosive volcanic eruptions
felsic magma
48
magma that have low silica content and high ferromagnesian content, erupts at high temperatures
mafic magma
49
magma that have silica content and relatively high ferromagnesian content, compose the dark ocean floor
intermediate magma
50
magma that have low silica content and very high ferromagnesian content
ultramafic magma
51
shows how minerals are formed as magma cools and becomes igneous rocks
Bowen's Reaction Series
52
the 2 branches of Bowen's Reaction Series
Discontinuous and Continuous Branch
53
What are the minerals formed in the discontinuous branch of Bowen's Reaction Series?
olivine - pyroxene - amphibole - biotite
54
What are the minerals formed in the continuous branch of Bowen's Reaction Series?
plagioclase feldspar - potassium feldspar - muscovite mica - quartz
55
Mafic magma typically cools into Gabbro (intrusive form) or _______ (extrusive form)
Basalt
56
Intermediate magma typically cools into Diorite (intrusive form) or _______ (extrusive form)
Andesite
57
Felsic magma typically cools into Granite (intrusive form) or _______ (extrusive form)
Rhyolite
58
are intrusive bodies that have exposed area at the surface of more than 100 km^2
batholiths
59
are intrusive bodies that have exposed area at the surface of less than 100 km^2
stocks
60
pluton that is sheet-like and is parallel to the existing layering of the underground materials (horizontal)
sill
61
intrusive bodies that are similar to sill but cuts across the existing layers of underground materials (vertical)
dyke
62
a sill that has expanded and pushed the rock above it
laccolith
63
a "cylindrical" conduit (may have any cross-sectional shape) that serves to allow movement of magma from one point to another
pipe
64
typically the ideal bedrock, can handle high in-situ stresses
plutonic rock
65
being exposed to weather, rather the forces that may change it on earth like rains, winds, moving body of water, animals, plants, etc.
weathering
66
process that transform rocks into soil, fractures, and exposes more surface area of the rock for chemical weathering
physical weathering
67
destroys mineral structures to weaken rocks for physical weathering to be easier
chemical weathering
68
type of physical weathering where the rock is weathered and transported over time, the rock gets exposed, and this also REDUCES the pressure the rock experiences
exfoliation
69
type of physical weathering that relates to ice and root wedging
disrupting forces
70
type of physical weathering where saltwater infiltrates rocks, and salt crystals grow in the rock and crack it
crystal growth
71
type of physical weathering where there is a bending of rocks due to unequal heating and cooling may cause rocks to break
unequal temperature
72
a chemical weathering agent that needs water and carbon dioxide
carbonic acid
73
a chemical weathering agent that can be related to ferromagnesian silicates being altered to that its iron becomes dissolved iron
oxidation
74
removal of weathered materials, helps weathering happen more as weathered materials are moved and thus exposing the rock again
erosion
75
the movement of sediment and/or dissolve ions from point A to point B
transportation
76
the key factor affecting which sediments it can move, depends on various factors such as geometry of path and the season
velocity
77
Terrestrial Depoitional Environments: sediments are moved by gravity and moving water and ice and is usually deposited in land areas or other water bodies like streams or rivers
glacial
78
Terrestrial Depositional Environments: sediments are pulled downwards by gravity and ends up in steep sided valleys
alluvial
79
Terrestrial Depositional Environments: sediments are carried by water to streams and may be deposited there
fluvial
80
Terrestrial Depositional Environments: sediments are moved by water flowing into a lake
lacustrine
81
Terrestrial Depositional Environments: much like lacustrine but lakes are situated in arid areas and sediments are mostly salts and clays
evaporitic
82
Terrestrial Depositional Environments: sediments are sand and silt carried by wind into deserts and coastal areas
aeolian
83
Marine Depositional Environments: sediments are moved by currents/tides to tidal flats
tidal
84
Marine Depositional Environments: sediments are moved by water into deltas
deltaic
85
Marine Depositional Environments: sediments are almost not moved and settles to the lagoon bottom
lagoonal
86
Marine Depositional Environments: carbonates are carried by waves and tidal currents to be deposited in reefs and basins around it
reef
87
Marine Depositional Environments: sediments are carried by waves and tidal currents to shelves and slopes
shallow water marine
88
Marine Depositional Environments: sediments are washed by ocean currents into deep ocean abyssal plains
deep water marine
89
Marine Depositional Environments: sediments are carried by underwater gravity flows into the slopes and abyssal plains in the figure
submarine fan
90
sedimentary rocks are formed from the _______ of sediments
lithification
91
newer sediments bury the older sediments at point B causing covering and compacting of material
burial
92
as sediments are buried, the sediments are squeezed/compacted together
compaction
93
at depths of hundreds to thousands of meters, minerals crystallizes at pores and contact points of sediments, cementing together to form sedimentary rocks
cementation
94
type of sedimentary rocks that were transported as solid fragments or clasts
clastic
95
type of sedimentary rocks that were transported as ions in solution
chemical
96
rock or mineral fragment of various sizes
clast
97
has at least 75% silt or clay composition and form in very low-energy environment
mudrock
98
made up mostly of sand
sandstone
99
sandstone w/ silt and clay <15%:
clean sandstone/arenite
100
sandstone w/ silt and clay >15%
wacke
101
Clastic Sedimentary Groups: if the clasts are rounded, they will be known as _______
conglomerate
102
Clastic Sedimentary Groups: if the clasts are angular, they are called _______
breccia
103
Clastic Sedimentary Groups: often classified as organic sedimentary rock due to its composition of decayed material
coal
104
Chemical Sedimentary Rock: composed mostly of the minerals: calcite and aragonite, the crystal form of calcium carbonate
limestone
105
Chemical Sedimentary Rock: limestone composed of calcite minerals made from biochemical processes
chalk
106
Chemical Sedimentary Rock: another carbonate rock primarily composed of mineral dolomite, recrystallization of older limestones
dolomite rock
107
Chemical Sedimentary Rock: chemically precipitated silica from biological remains
chert
108
Chemical Sedimentary Rock: when waters in lakes and rivers evaporate, they become concentrated with dissolved ions which then crystallize into ________
evaporites
109
Chemical Sedimentary Rock: composed mainly of the mineral halite
rock salt
110
Chemical Sedimentary Rock: composed mainly of the mineral gypsum
rock gypsum
111
Geological Principles for Sedimentary Structures: sediments are deposited and accumulated horizontally, any layers that are tilted must have been subject to tectonic forces
Principle of Original Horizontality
112
Geological Principles for Sedimentary Structures: layers are deposited in sequence and older is always at the bottom
Principle of Superposition
113
Geological Principles for Sedimentary Structures: any rock/fragment in a layer is older than the layer itself much like the rocks in a conglomerate is older than the conglomerate itself
Principle of Inclusions
114
Geological Principles for Sedimentary Structures: fossils may be used to determine the age of the rock it is in
Principle of Faunal Succession
115
layering of sediments that can be seen in changes in texture, color, composition, etc.
bedding
116
are narrow gaps in between layers shown in a bedding
partings
117
bedding that has angled layers within horizontal beds
cross-bedding
118
linked to cross bedding are _______ on the surface of the sediment bed
ripples
119
sediments in a flowing water body may become _______ - they tile towards one direction, with their tops tilting towards the direction of a flow
imbricated
120
a bed where gradation/gradual change of grain size from large to small is seen as from bottom to top
graded bedding
121
when a shallow body of water dries up, the mud at its bottom dries up and cracks due to the clay in the mud shrinking as it dries
mudcracks
122
deterioration of a rock after exposure, often by excavation
slaking
123
topography formed from dissolution of soluble rocks, characterized by underground drainage with sinkholes and caves
karst
124
a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer
sinkhole
125
these rocks have altered fabric form the parent rock by different mineral sizes, arrangements, and textures
metamorphic rocks
126
process of transforming minerals and structures of rocks involving heat and distortion, together or separately
metamorphism
127
rocks are buried deep (10-20 km typically) and spans thousands of square kilometers
regional metamorphism
128
a body of magma in the upper part of crust can be the source of heat and metamorphose rock around it
contact metamorphism
129
considered to be the igneous or sedimentary rock origin of the metamorphic rock
parent rock
130
controls what kind of metamorphism may take place
temperature
131
affects the texture of the resulting metamorphic rock, also causes metamorphic rocks to have foliation
pressure
132
same pressure from all directions
equal confining pressure
133
pressure from sides is higher than pressure at top and bottom
directed pressure
134
pressure pushes one side in one direction and the other side in the opposite direction
shear stress
135
minerals that have the same composition but different crystal structure
polymorphs
136
facilitates ion transfer and may make metamorphic process go faster
water
137
needed for metamorphic process to happen - estimates of new mineral growths are around 1 mm every million years
time
138
directed pressure or shear stress is needed in the environment to form this kind of rock
foliated metamorphic rocks
139
no directed pressure environment or environment with little pressure
non-foliated metamorphic rocks
140
"layering" or "banding" in metamorphic rocks causing "sheet-like" structure
foliation
141
low-grade metamorphism of shale
slate
142
similar to slate but heated to a higher temperature
phyllite
143
high enough temperatures forming mica big enough to be seen by the naked eye, possibly with quartz, feldspar, etc. visible
schist
144
minerals have been separated into distinct bands
gneiss
145
form in areas where pressure is just confining pressure (same pressure from all sides) or low-pressure conditions
non-foliated rocks
146
metamorphosed sandstone
quartzite
147
metamorphosed limestone
marble
148
difference of a material's property at different directions
anisotropy
149
Who proposed the Continental Drift Theory?
Alfred Wegener
150
Pangaea eventually broke off into _______ and _______
Laurasia; Gondwana
151
suggests that the seafloor moves and carries the crust with it as it spreads from a central rift axis (oceanic ridge)
seafloor spreading
152
Continental crust _______ and Oceanic crust _______
ascends; descends
153
record of the earth magnetic field through time in rocks
paleomagnetism
154
a rock mineral that is highly magnetic and aligns with the magnetic field
magnetite
155
the unifying theory of geology
Plate Tectonics Theory
156
spreading boundaries
divergent boundary
157
dyke within a dyke within a dyke
sheeted dykes
158
plates moves towards each other
convergent boundary
159
since both plates are quite dense, one of them subducts and usually forms an ocean trench
oceanic-oceanic convergent boundary
160
since oceanic crust/plate is denser than the continental crust/plate, oceanic crust/plate subducts underneath continental crust
oceanic-continental convergent boundary
161
happens when the plate has moved so much that continental part of it becomes the one converging with another continental material
continental-continental convergent boundary
162
plates slides across each other without creation or destruction of crustal material
transform boundary
163
upwelling of mantle causes newer and warmer material to form that will in turn be pushing older and colder material away from the ridge
ridge push
164
older and colder plate segments at subduction zones become colder and denser thus goes down further and pulls the rest of the plate attached to it
slab pull
165
main mechanisms of movement of plates
ridge push, slab pull, and convection traction
166
melting or partial melting of hot rock as pressure on it is reduced
decompression melting
167
when water is added into a rock, it lowers the melting point of the rock
flux melting
168
mantle material is melted by simply adding heat
heat-induced melting
169
spot where hot mantle material goes up through the crust and up above the surface
mantle plumes
170
elongation/stretching of the crust in some areas resulting to its thinning
continental rifting
171
occurs when plates collide or shear past each other, when intrusions are emplaced, when uplift or subsidence occurs or when earth is stress at specific points
rock deformation
172
caused by extension forces in rocks
joints
173
produced from bending of rock strata without rupture
folds
174
crustal rock failure by shear rupture
faults
175
faults whose movement is parallel to the dip of the fault
dip-slip faults
176
wall above the fault plane
hanging wall
177
wall below the fault plane
foot wall
178
rocks are pulled apart
normal fault
179
rocks are pushed together
reverse fault
180
faults whose movement is along the strike or length of fault
strike-slip fault
181
existed before PMB and contains the oldest rocks in the country
Palawan Continental Block
182
collision of Sunda Plate, Philippine Sea Plate, and Indo-Australian Plate
Philippine Mobile Belt
183
aims to foresee problems that may arise and figure out possible ways to address them
site investigation
184
aims to identify problems that may arise in relation to the geology of a site and the proposed structure, as well as possible solutions
geological investigation
185
3 general phases of geological investigation
desk study, preliminary reconnaissance, and site exploration
186
aims to gather and study all available literature and data related to the site
desk study
187
maps that show the geology of an area including data related to the rock units and distribution in the area, geologic structures, age relationships of the rocks, as well as cross section view of the map
geologic maps
188
map of surface geology - shows data about material occurring at ground surface including alluvium, mud, and other materials
drift edition
189
map with no drift shown. only the SOLID geology underneath
solid edition
190
scientific process to map geologic features in the area concerned and create maps of it
geologic mapping
191
technology that allows easier management of spatial data
GIS - Geographic Information System
192
allows determination of precise location
GPS - Global Positioning System
193
uses aircraft or satellites to measure reflected and emitted radiation to monitor physical characteristics of an area or structure in an area
remote sensing
194
uses emitted electromagnetic radiation related to temperature of objects
infrared linscan (IRLS)
195
pulses of energy are shot from an aircraft, bounces off the ground, and is received by the aircraft again
side-looking airborne radar (SLAR)
196
uses laser in determining the distance or range of an object by computing the time for it to return
light detecting and ranging (LiDAR)
197
shows mainly the elevation data related to the map. It uses contour lines to show which areas are at the same altitude/elevation and thus allows for visualization of flat areas vs, slope areas and how steep slopes are
topographic map
198
much like geologic maps, but these show data and distribution of soil in an area
soil maps
199
shows the site's susceptibility to various hazards like earthquake or liquefaction
hazard maps
200
during this, a lot of information is noted related to the site as it is like soil and rocks observed, vegetation, slopes, evidence of possible problems like cracks on the ground or rocks, etc.
preliminary reconnaissance
201
report made that summarizes all details related to the project and site, the possible issues, as well as future work suggestions to further determine feasibility of project or rule-out possible issues and data to be used for design phase.
pre-site exploration report
202
excavations where samples are taken
test pits or trenches
203
holes in the ground are drilled and samples are taken. Holes commonly reaches several meters in depth
drillholes or boreholes
204
generally accomplished with a diamond tip rock core barrel attached to a drill rig
rock coring
205
amount or length of material collected divided by the total length of the core run
core recovery
206
modified core recovery percentage in which the lengths of all sound rock core pieces over 100 mm in length are summed and divided by the length of the core run
rock quality designation
207
degree of wetness/dryness of the rock
moisture content
208
measures the durability of a rock, can be correlated to the compressive strength
point load index
209
determines the compressive strength
unconfined compression test
210
drilling devices/drilling bits to excavate soil from a hole
augers
211
operated by hand, has limited depth reach (3-5m)
hand-augers
212
powered by an external source, reaches greater depths
powered-augers
213
way of soil sampling used for standard penetration testing, hollow tube with driving shoe at the bottom
split spoon
214
way of soil sampling that are thin-walled tubes usually used in obtaining undisturbed clay samples
shelby tubes
215
water is pumped under pressure in drillholes and the rate of resulting water flow is measured
water-pressure testing
216
holes are typically left overnight for groundwater to stabilize and the depth of water is measured
water table measurement
217
methods where soil is not directly sampled but may still be disturbed in some manner
geophysical methods
218
Seismic and Resistivity are in what field of force
artificial
219
gravity and magnetic methods are in what field of force
natural
220
uses the energy from an explosion or pounding/hammering in/on the ground
seismic methods
221
seismic exploration that has a shot point and several geophones/receivers
seismic refraction
222
In short distances, _______ are received by geophones first while at longer distances, _______ are received first.
direct waves; refracted waves
223
used to locate faults, landslides, and bedrock channels, requires much deeper area
seismic reflection
224
the concept behind this is the variation in the conductivity
resistivity methods
225
involves measurement of one or more magnetic or electric field components
electromagnetic methods
226
device with transmitter and receiver
terrain conductivity meter
227
use radio transmitters and wider in range (thousands of kilometers)
very low frequency method
228
uses pulsed electromagnetic waves and their time needed to be reflected and provides high resolution
ground probing radar
229
the local geomagnetic field will have anomalies related to the magnetization of rocks
magnetic methods
230
relies on the variations of gravity field
gravity methods
231
any potential source of harm
hazard
232
situation of people, infrastructure, and human assets in an area
exposure
233
susceptibility of a community to harm
vulnerability
234
chance of the harm occurring under circumstances
risk
235
widespread geologic conditions that may cause damage and loss of property and life
geohazards
236
movement of rock or soil down the slope under the influence of gravity, referred to as landslide
mass wasting
237
sudden movement of material down a slope of cliff
fall
238
tipping over or forward rotation of a mass about one of its points
topple
239
movement of mass along a rupture zone or zones of great shearing
slides
240
curved rupture zone: _______; planar rupture zone: _______
rotational;translational
241
soil or rock extends and gets thinner and subsides into the softer material below
spreads
242
special kind of spread that happens on very gentle or almost flat terrain
lateral spread
243
continuous movement of material such that the surfaces of failure are very close to each other and are not saved
flow
244
flows with loose soil and rock that creates a slurry flowing down, and as such
debris flow
245
debris flow but with volcanic materials as the main materials rather than usual soil and rock
volcanic debris flow/lahar
246
extreme debris flow
debris avalanche
247
flow but made up predominantly of finer soils
earthflow
248
slower earthflow
creep
249
weak to violent shaking of the ground due to sudden movement of rock materials below the earth's surface
earthquakes
250
produced by sudden movement along faults and plate boundaries
tectonic earthquakes
251
induced by rising lava or magma beneath active volcanoes
volcanic earthquakes
252
point where the earthquake starts
hypocenter
253
point on the surface directly above the hypocenter
epicenter
254
largest earthquake
main shock
255
happens before the main shock
foreshocks
256
happens after the main shock
aftershocks
257
related to the fault itself as the source of earthquake
source
258
factors due to the path the seismic waves travel through
path
259
factors related to the site concerned
site
260
waves that go through earth's interior
body waves
261
waves that travel along the surface of the earth
surface waves
262
body waves have _______ frequency than surface waves
higher
263
transferred via motions alternating between compressions and extensions, can travel through solids and liquids
p-waves
264
moves side to side or up and down, travels through solids only
s-waves
265
moves the ground from side to side
love waves
266
action similar to an ocean wave as it rolls across the body of water
rayleigh waves
267
based on the amount of energy released, measured by a seismograph
magnitude
268
based on the effect or shaking felt in a site, different for every site
intensity
269
the magnitude scale used now
moment magnitude scale
270
the Philippines way of measuring intensity
PEIS - PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale
271
outlines how earthquakes are incorporated into design of structures
NSCP (National Structural Code of the Philippines)
272
deformation on the ground that marks, the intersection of the fault with the earth's surface
ground rupture
273
disruptive up, down and sideways vibration of the ground during an earthquake
ground shaking
274
phenomenon wherein sediments, especially near bodies of water, behave like liquid similar to a quicksand
liquefaction
275
down slope movement of rocks, solid, and other debris commonly triggered by strong shaking
earthquake-induced landslides
276
series of waves caused commonly by an earthquake under the sea
tsunami
277
vent, hill, or mountain from which molten or hot rocks with gaseous materials have been ejected
volcano
278
________ plate boundaries produce intermediate to felsic lava
convergent
279
________ plate boundaries produce mafic lava
divergent
280
eruption due to decompression of gas within magma which propels it forward
magmatic eruption
281
driven by superheating of steam due to close proximity of magma. No magmatic release but vapor
phreatic eruption
282
direct interaction of water and magma cause thermal contraction. Both magma and vapor release
phreatomagmatic eruption
283
magma on the earth's surface
lava
284
smooth looking and "ropey" lava, less viscous
pahoehoe
285
rubbly/blocky, more viscous and thus can flow in thicker heights compared to pahoehoe
aa
286
pertains to rock fragments broken down by fire or heat
pyroclastic materials
287
any volcanic fragment ejected into the air by an eruption, also called tephra
pyroclasts
288
rivers of incandescent of molten rock or lava moving downslope or away from an eruption vent
lava flow
289
the deadliest direct volcanic hazard, they are mixtures of fragmented volcanic particles, hot gases, and ash that rush down the volcanic slopes
pyroclastic density current
290
laterally-directed thrusts of hot gas and ash that can be generated from an exploding dome on the summit vent or inside the edifice when sudden mass failure of the volcanic flanks occur
lateral blasts
291
also called: volcanic mudflow or debris flow
lahar
292
caused by mass failure of the flanks of a volcano edifice due to magma intrusion, a strong earthquake or the movements of faults beneath the edifice
debris avalanche
293
Volcanic Activity: erupted within historical times, accounts of these eruptions were documented by man; erupted within the last 10,000 years based on the analyses of material from young volcanic deposits
active
294
Volcanic Activity: morphologically young-looking but with no historical or analytical records of eruption
Potentially Active
295
Volcanic Activity: no recorded eruptions; physical form has been intensively weathered and eroded, bearing deep and long gullies
Inactive
296
reference guide in understanding the state of an active volcano
PHIVOLCS Volcano Alert Level Scheme
297
bottom part of a structure that serves to transfer the load of the structure onto the earth
foundation
298
soil/rock directly beneath the foundation
bed/foundation bed
299
the limit when one part breaks due to too much load. This may mean that the ground cannot support the foundation and gives way, or the foundation itself breaks from too much load from the structure
strength limit
300
this is the limit related to the function or usability of the foundation. In our foundation example, this may mean that while the soil can still carry the load, the foundation has sunk too much that the structure is no longer usable
serviceability limit
301
maximum load that the foundation, based on its dimensions and rock/soil supporting it, can carry
bearing capacity
302
time-independent deformation of a material with the application of load, happens during construction or immediately after
elastic deformation
303
expulsion of pore fluids from voids due to increase in stress
consolidation
304
swelling of expansive minerals with reaction to water
swelling
305
natural process of a material to deform upon application of stress over time
creep
306
settlement is the same for all points of structure, hence the structure simply "sinks"
uniform settlement
307
settlement is different for different points of the structure, hence it may seem to "sink" and "rotate" at the same time
differential settlement
308
called as such since they are usually founded at shallow depths
shallow foundation
309
one footing 1 for each column
isolated spread footing
310
also called strip footing/continuous footing, supports the wall
wall footing
311
footings with more than 1 column on them
combined footing
312
two separate spread footings and then joined together by a strap beam
strap footings
313
large foundation supporting more than 1 line of columns; may also cover the whole structure
mat foundation
314
used when the top layers are too weak to support the structure
pile foundation
315
piles that are hammered and driven into the ground
driven
316
holes are excavated and concrete is poured into the hole creating the pile
bored
317
Piles carry load in 2 ways, what are these?
end bearing capacity and skin friction
318
includes understanding of what geologic material (soil/rock) can be used in certain parts of a road/tracks to maintain its stability and durability
Pavement/Road/Rail Design
319
requires a lot of data on the soil and rocks present, necessary for installing structures beneath the surface
excavation
320
related to rock durability of the rocks to be excavated
rock excavatibility
321
pertains to the ability of the cut rocks to hold with or without any anchoring
rock wall stability
322
usually used in highly weathered rocks and soils, uses hoes and dozers to collect materials
digging
323
ratio or percentage of the volume change of excavated material to the volume of the original in situ volume before excavation
bulk factor
324
process where drilling and blasting is used to make a shear surface (or weakness) in a rock
pre-splitting
325
used to loosen or break large and intact rocks, includes short motion of rotation and hammering
drilling
326
determines the strength of the drill bit to be used
rock hardness
327
how fast the rock wears out the drill bits; related to hardness and affected by particle shape and texture
rock abrasiveness
328
coarser rocks can be drilled through faster
rock grains' size
329
certain angles of drilling with respect to the discontinuities can make drilling harder or easier
rock discontinuities
330
using explosives, put in blastholes, to break up rocks
blasting
331
Blast Spacing Factors: the stronger the rock, the closer the blastholes may need to be
rock strength
332
Blast Spacing Factors: the denser the rock, the closer the blastholes as well
rock density
333
blasting needs to be done such that the weaknesses are exploited, such that minimal blast strength will be needed
rock's fracture pattern
334
breaking the rocks just enough so that they can be loaded to trucks
ripping
335
system that uses bracing in the excavation to support the excavated walls. The braces may run from one side to the other of the excavation
braced system
336
system where the supporting wall is embedded deep enough so that it can support the excavated wall and prevent it from caving into the hole
sheet pile
337
Braced Cuts: keep the sheets/vertical planks in place
wales
338
Braced Cuts: transfer the load to the other side of the excavation
struts
339
rocks may have residual stress and when tunneled, it may be dissipated via _______
rock bursting
340
giant machines that tunnel through rock and soil and create the tunnel support system as they go along as well
tunnel boring machine
341
amount of time the rock mass can remain stable unsupported
stand-up time/bridging capacity
342
Tunnelling Support: special "bolts" that attaches the sides of a tunnel to the material behind it
rock bolts
343
concrete shot at the sides to be the lining and provide support, can be used with rock bolts and reinforcing mesh
shotcrete
344
arches to hold the tunnel shape much like how arches may support the interior of ay structure
steel arches
345
structure that traps/stops water from flowing further
dam
346
the body of water that the dam controls
reservoir
347
dams that are made up of rocks and soil, materials from these dams are usually collected on site
earth dams
348
rocks that are cut to desired sizes for decoration or for building purposes
building/dimension stone
349
blocks of rock that protect structures (may be single size or collection of widely-graded rocks like riprap) that protect structures
armor stone
350
crushed rock that is used for concrete making, may be coarse and fine
aggregates
351
uses limestone (major component), silica, alumina, and iron
cement
352
the study of how to detect and monitor underground water supplies, as well as possible contamination monitoring from the soils surrounding the aquifer
groundwater analysis
353
in charge of interpreting geologic data and providing a conceptual model representing the morphology and engineering-geologic classification of a rock unit
engineering geologist
354
evaluates the strength and deformability of rocks and the resulting implications in the project using their knowledge in soil and rock mechanics
geotechnical engineer
355
know and understand the type, purpose, and requirements of the structure to be built
Site Investigation: Know the Project
356
collect relevant information about the regional geology in the area from available literature and sources
Site Investigation: Desk Study
357
inspect the specific site and neighboring areas, document using logs and photos
Site Investigation: Reconnaissance
358
should be considered in both steps previously mentioned, info may be collected from government agencies and on-site investigations
Site Investigation: Hazard Assessment
359
Rock Descriptors: informal name assigned to a rock unit
unit designation
360
Rock Descriptors: geologic classification; preliminary indicator of rock mass behavior
rock type
361
Rock Descriptors: engineering properties are altered by varying degrees of weathering
degree of weathering
362
Rock Descriptors: indicator of strength and deformability
hardness
363
Rock Descriptors: strength is affected by grain composition
texture
364
Rock Descriptors: discontinuity spacing and thickness of bedding
rock structure
365
Rock Descriptors: filled with sediments or water, roughness
condition of discontinuities
366
Rock Descriptors: indicative of mineral constituent
color
