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cdv Flashcards

1
Q

Genus and family of CDV? genome type? enveloped?

A

genus Morbilivirus family Paramyxoviridae negative ss-RNA enveloped

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2
Q

How does CDV induce immune-mediated cytolysis?

A
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3
Q

how does CDV infect lymphoid tissues?

A

CDV binds SLAM (signaling lymphocyte activation molecule = membrane glycoprotein on lymphoid tissues) * selectively binds via H and F proteins

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4
Q

How does CDV cause immune suppression?

A
  1. virally induced cytolysis 2. P gene expression of virulence proteins V and C –> inhibits interferon and cytokine responses of lymphoid cells
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5
Q

what is the mechanism by which acute CDV infection infiltrates the CNS?

A

upregulation of SLAM in immune cells infiltrating the CNS –> amplifies viral replication in the brain

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6
Q

T/F: CDV isolates are serologically homogeneous?

A

T

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7
Q

what are CDV isolates Snyder hill, A75/17, and R252 known for?

A

highly virulent and neurotrophic Snyder hill - polioencephalomyelitis A75/17 and R252 - cause demyelination

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8
Q

properties of CDV proteins coded by the ___ and ____ genes affect viral persistence and the ability to cause CNS disease

A

N and M genes

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9
Q

T/F: CDV is a “hardy” virus

A

False - susceptible to UV light, heat/drying - susceptible to chloroform, dilute formalin, phenol, and quaternary ammonium disinfectants
- survives longer in colder temps

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10
Q

Main species/groups susceptible to CDV (8)?

A

bears/pandas Canidae (wild k9 species, raccoon) Mustelidae (ferret, mink, otter, badger) Skunks Procyonidae (Cotai, Kinkajou, raccoon) Viverridae (binturona, foosa, linsang, civet) Herpestidae (mongoose, meerkat) Felidae (large species)

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11
Q

T/F: with passing years, the host range of CDV appears to have widened?

A

True - interspecies transmissions, viral recombination events have occured

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12
Q

Molecular changes in the ____ gene may be responsible for the spread of CDV to nondog hosts in the wild

A

hemagglutinin gene

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13
Q

How is CDV shed?

A

spread most commonly by aerosol or droplet exposure can be isolated from most other body tissues and secretions including urine

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14
Q

For how long after infection can CDV be excreted?

A

up to 90 days

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15
Q

T/F: based on the results of serosurveys, the infection rate for CDV is considered to be higher than the disease rate?

A

True - reflects a certain degree of natural and vaccine-induced immunity in the general dog population

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16
Q

T/F: most dogs that become infected with CDV do not clear the virus completely.

A

False - most dogs clear the virus completey, some may harbor virus in their CNS.

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17
Q

The prevalence rate of spontaneous distemper in cosmopolitan dogs is greatest between ____ and ____ mos of age

A

3-6 mos of age - correlates with the loss of maternal-derived antibodies in puppies after weaning

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18
Q

Basic steps of CDV infection?

A
  1. CDV enters the resp tract via aerosols –> local lymphoid tissues (ex/ tonsils)2. primary viral replication occurs in lymphoid tissues. 3. primary replication sites –> macrophages w/CDV enter lymphatics –> heart –> bloodstream (mononuclear cell-associated viremia) 4. virus enters the CNS via cerebral circulation –> perivascular spaces of blood vessels -OR- enters CNS via choroid plexus and eventually the CSF. 5. Dogs with poor immunity undergo spread to many tissues (skin, glands, GI/resp/urogenital epithelium) –> dramatic and severe clinical signs
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19
Q

how can CDV cause seizures?

A

CDV can travel from the nasal passage through the cribiform plate and anterograde via the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb and CNS –> localizes primarily to the piriform lobes of the cerebral cortex

20
Q

How long post-infection does CDV infect the CNS?

A

8-9 days post infection

21
Q

by day _____ post-infection, animals with adequate CDV antibody titers and cell-mediated cytotoxicity clear the virus from most tissues and show no clinical signs of illness

A

by day 14 post-infection, animals with adequate CDV antibody titers and cell-mediated cytotoxicity clear the virus from most tissues and show no clinical signs of illness

22
Q

in which tissues can CDV persist for extended periods of time?

A

uveal tissues neurons integument (footpads)

23
Q

uveal tissues neurons integument (footpads)

A

direct viral replication –> multifocal lesions in gray/white matter –> leads to polioencephalomalacia

24
Q

The outcome of CNS infection from CDV depends on the appearance of circulating _____ antibodies to the ____ glycoprotein

A

The outcome of CNS infection from CDV depends on the appearance of circulating IgG antibodies to the H glycoprotein

25
Q

what are the two main routes by which CDV enters the CNA?

A
  1. hematogenous - virus w/in lymphoid cells enters the brain via fine blood vessels and deposits in perivascular virchow-robin spaces 2. neural - anterograde through olfactory neurons
26
Q

dogs with CNS CDV may develop polioencephalomalacia of the _____ and _____ lobes

A

piriform and temporal lobes (rhiencephalic structures)

27
Q

Acute CDV encephalitis is characterized by _______

A

direct viral replication and injury neuronal infection/necrosis –> gray matter lesions

28
Q

what changes are seen in microglial cells in patients infected with CDV?

A
  • upregulated MHC II - enhanced secretion of ROS - upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines
29
Q

How does acute CDV cause demyelination? chronic?

A

CDV infection leads to metabolic dysfunction of oligodendroglial cells –> down regulation of myelin gene expression –> demyelination
chronic - CD8+ lymphocytes attack oligodendroglial cells that are expressing CDV antigen

30
Q

How do acute CDV encephalitis and chronic subacute CDV encephalitis differ?

A

acute: minimal perivascular cuffing/inflammatory response
chronic: upregulation of inflammatory response –> perivascular cuffing. CD8+ lymphocytes predominate –> destroy oligodentroglial cells through “innocent bystander” mech –> further demyelination

31
Q

inclusion body polioencephalitis is a variant form of CDV encephalitis that should be suspected when?

A
  1. after vaccination 2. in dogs with sudden onset of only neurologic manifestations of distemper
32
Q

what clinical signs caused by distemper are rarely associated with neurologic disease?

A

vesicular and pustular dermatitis
** dogs developing nasal and digital hyperkeratosis usually have various neurologic complications

33
Q

T/F: CDV can be transmitted transplacental? T/F: CDV can cause abortion/stillbirth?

A

True/true

34
Q

What abnormalities are seen on MRI in patients with CDV? what does this correspond to histopathologically?

A

hyperintense foci and loss of contrast between gray and white matter was found in the T2WI in the brain –> corresponds to demyelination

35
Q

How can CDV IgG in CSF be used to diagnose active infection?

A

Compare CDV IgG (CSF):CDV IgF (serum) to similar ratio for another virus (CPV, CAV)

36
Q

in dogs clinically affected with CDV immunofluorescence is usually performed on cytologic smears prepared from what swabs? (4)

A

conjunctival, tonsillar, genital or respiratory epithelium

37
Q

what is a drawback to PCR testing for CDV?

A

false positive - positive results have been found in naturally or experimentally exposed dogs

38
Q

what are the pros of CDV PCR testing?

A

high sensitivity can distinguish between virulent and vaccine viral strains

39
Q

dog that dies of CDV has: neuronal and myelin degeneration/primary demyelination without significant perivascular inflammation - was this an acute or chronic infection?

A

acute

40
Q

where are the predilection sites for CDV in the CNS? (5)

A

1) lateral cerebellar peduncles 2) dorsolateral medulla 3) deep cerebellar white matter optic 4) nerves/tracts 5) spinal cord

41
Q

Older/immunocompetent dogs tend to develop CDV leukoencephalomyelitis with a predominance of lesions in the?

A

caudal brainstem and spinal cord –> signs of ataxia and vestibular involvement

42
Q

lesions of vaccine-induced distemper are typically?

A
43
Q

in which cells can CDV inclusions most commonly be found?

A

epithelial cells of mucous membranes reticulum cells (?) leukocytes glia neurons

44
Q

T/F: vaccination with inactivated canine distemper whole virus vaccines produce sufficient immunity to prevent infection after challenge exposure?

A

False - vaccinated dogs will show a less severe disease than unvaccinated controls however

45
Q

what two membrane glycoproteins does CDV have?

A

H (attachment) F (fusion)

Neurology (12 decks)

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