Cd Week 8 Flashcards
Sounds from b to p
1-4 months either already learned or innate, could hear difference in sounds Lready.
Werker studies
Kind of sound kids can discriminate,
B p continuum differs between language.
Discriminate between any two speech sounds independant of lang guage. Was found at 7 months, could distinguish Hindi sounds. Universal listener. 11 months things turns to language relevant ones, so language difference, not as easily descrimianted.
Later not easily able to learn later. Lovely rice life studies.
Bilingual are a mess, more research needed.
Information processing theory is cognitive psychology.
Burke reading
How can we learn what are imp. Sounds for language and which are not.
Focus on difference and keep ones for different meanings,
Words meaning must be associated to one sound. Mapping to object
And tracking distributions in the absence of meaning. Change between 6-8 and 10-12 months.
Take home: does show it is long lasting, but it is a proof of concept. Are capable of statistical learning. Not sure if it’s what they do though.
Unsure about meaning use.
Methods below.
Distribution of quality of sound, determines if we end up descriminate ing between sounds.
Tracking distributions. Of sounds
Voice onset time. Known to be imp.
Language general to language specific. Categorical perception always there.
Aside, I wonder about mirror neurons, and rela of this to music.
Bi modal distribution, uni modal distribution, fact about adult speech. Maybe study et al.
Artificial continuum between two sounds. Da –> ta
Play sounds to mimic one of the above distributions. In training.
6-10 months olds.
Only proof of conept, lots of if’s
Used alternating and non alternating trials.
Do distinguish between alternating and no alternating in bimodL but not uni modal trIning group. Listen longer.
How to maintaing or discard a sound difference
Longitudinal study. 12 sessions, (2009)
Start with 9 month olds.
Test mandarin sounds, difference detected! Under threshold age, though never exposed to mandarin
4 weeks later, they fails. In control
Insert training though. Playing mandarin adult. Toys. Intervention
Short terms of naturalistic training
Leads to maintin difference.
Do different training so seeing, interaction hearing just play audio does not work. Even audio I and video togethor did not work!
Conclude: somehting about interaction, can pick up on.
Naturalistic interactions exposure to distinction allows distinction to be maintained, can therefore track distinctions. Depends of form of trainign. Open q to aspects.
Did not control for attention
What do they do with this info?
Saffron info.
Unit, or info or word. Different boundaries. Intention.
Convention
Go to office hours to review exam.
Ok
What is a word. What you need to know to learn a word,
Sounds must be combined, have meaning, arbitrary connection across languages and conventional within a lang. Context.
Part of speech (aside: meaning connotative denotation)
LEVELS OF FORMALITY
-REGISTER
Saffron et al paper.
Continuous speech
, 3 syllable nonsense words, randomized.
Training random speech, syllables
**Statistical word learning,
Counting
Tracking probablility syllables go togethor. **
Trial 1 part word
Word herd, changed space,
Kids do identiy Change in syllables.
Word form, can distinguish. Therefore
Extract right chunks of sound.
Other trial was non word.
Kids track probabilities and allows them to pick out chunks (units) of sound and useful for attaching meaning to them.
Once word units extracts what can they do with them, compare to
Abstract objects.
Bernal son paper supposed to have read, similar to tickoff gezync
Mapping objects and word forms, 6 months
Mom, dad, common words to hear.
Test if know meaning,
Pictures, say mom seeing both, look more at mom.
But if you don’t say anything, Lways look at mom. Uh oh.
Use relative looking, say mom, amount mom looking goes up.
Say dad, look more to dad.
Baseline problem, preference for mom.
Amount looking to target word increases after hearing it.
Therefore able to distinguish and match words to person. Association is there.
Then use strangers, paired kids, own parent vs another.
Hear mom dad, you look equally! No sig
Distinguish person,
Decent recognizing faces, match sound to picture.
Does not tell us what if they know what mom means.
Lip k things up in natural enviro by 6 m
Eerker stingler study,
17 month olds for this atudy.
At 14m the do not though! Show the below.
Had novel object. And say bih
See Object say bih or dih, look more novel dih.
Says nothing about association. Though, due to hearing dih a thousand times.
Hab to bi dih two dif objts.
Trial, switch up double cHnging. Look at novel is association, not just object or sound like aBove. (Ok above sound only)
Results do look longer here as well. For novel.
14momth olds,
Have said first word, don’t necessarily have associations
Takes longer to learn, than 17 months maybe.
Phonetically similar words, bih dih, makes it harder for did lif and neem.
14 months succeed.
17months descriminate connsannt word object situation betters.
Words different sounding aids 14m
When doing association , encode sound and object, and association, more difficult anything is, distinguish sound or object hard, makes it harder. Also tried with easier objects to distinguish.
Kids able to learn assocTions word object, in lab train, and T home.
Trouble with similarities at young age, though they can distinguish sounds, associating to object harder.
Now swing ly paper.
Nuance kids pay attention to.
14 month olds.
Baby car, pictures
Say baby look baby, say vaby look at baby.
Raby sound led to looking at car, too much of a dif fence.
Conclude know it’s a baby, look more at baby, vaby, not for ruby.
Are learning distinctions.
Beheld on reading, study on children word meaning
Had to control for faces.
Showed kids as young as six months could distinguish images with spoken word meanings told to them by pRents. Could also pick. Out objects in a seperate scene trial. Suddenly jump improvement at 14 months many possible reasons. Basically, are using words, know meanings. Over time social cues and attention changes.
