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COMMUNICABLE DISEASES > CD of other body systems > Flashcards

CD of other body systems Flashcards

DHF, Chicken pox, Malarian, Leptospirosis

1
Q

A mosquito-borne illness that occurs in tropical
and subtropical areas of the world.

A

DENGUE FEVER

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2
Q

DENGUE FEVER other name

A

AKA: Breakbone fever

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3
Q

DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER CA:

A
  1. Dengue Virus 1, 2, 3, 4
  2. Chikungunya Virus
  3. O’nyong’nyong Virus

GENUS:
Flaviviridae
FAMILY:
Flavivirus, renamed in 2023 to Orthoflavivir

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4
Q

DENGUE HEMORRHAGIC FEVER MOT

A

Bite of the Aedes Aegypti
Female mosquito → vector

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5
Q

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FEMALE
MOSQUITO:

A
  • Day biting (3 pm)
  • Low flying (elementary pupils)
  • Stagnant water (Rubber tires, vases, empty can)
  • Urban area

DLSU

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6
Q

DHF IP:

A

6-7 days

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7
Q

DHF DIAGNOSTIC TEST:

A

Tourniquet / Rumpel leads / Capillary Fragility
Test

  1. Get the BP (120 /80) [120 – 80]
  2. Inflate the BP cuff midway between the SBP and
    DBP
  3. Inflate the BP – 100 mm/Hg and let it stay for 2-
    3 minutes
  4. Deflate the cuff and make an imaginary box, 1
    inch below antecubital fossa
  5. Count the number of petechiae (rashes)
    (+) tourniquet test = 20 or more petechiae
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8
Q

3 STAGES OF DHF:

A

I. Febrile / Invasive (1-3 days)
II. Toxic / Hemorrhage Stage (4-7 days)
III. Convalescence / Recovery (8-10 days)

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9
Q

I. Febrile / Invasive (1-3 days)

A
  1. Fever (40C or 104F) / chills
  2. Arthralgia, Malaise
  3. Nausea and vomiting, loss of appetite
  4. Headache / abdominal pain
  5. Rash which appears on the 3rd day
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10
Q

II. Toxic / Hemorrhage Stage (4-7 days)

A
  1. Signs of bleeding
  2. Epistaxis, gum bleeding, melena, narrow
    pulse pressure, hypotension, weak and
    thready pulse
    Note: Diet: Avoid dark-colored foods and
    beverages (mask s/sx of bleeding)
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11
Q

III. Convalescence / Recovery (8-10 days)

A
  1. Regains appetite
  2. BP normalizes
  3. Generalized flushing
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12
Q

GRADE LEVELS OF DHF: (+) tourniquet, fever, headache,
abdominal pain, and other s/sx (no bleeding)

A

Level 1:

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13
Q

GRADE LEVELS OF DHF: Signs of spontaneous bleeding:
epistaxis, gum bleeding, melena, rashes

A

Level 2

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14
Q

GRADE LEVELS OF DHF: Signs of spontaneous bleeding:
Signs of circulatory collapse
(hypotension, narrowed pulse pressure, weak
and thready pulse, tachycardia, tachypnea)

A

Level 3

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15
Q

GRADE LEVELS OF DHF: Signs of profound shock

A

Level 4

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16
Q

NURSING MANAGEMENT:

A
  1. Ice packs (placed on forehead → epistaxis)
  2. TSB (fever)
  3. Increase Fluid Intake (3-4 L, ↑Circulating
    Blood Volume)
  4. Monitor Vital Signs (↓BP, ↑PR, ↑RR)
  5. Diet: ↑carbohydrates, ↑protein, ↑Vit C, ↑fiber
  6. Clean surroundings
  7. Bed rest
  8. Avoid constipation → rectal bleeding
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17
Q

MEDICAL MANAGEMENT:

A
  • Oresol – homemade solution composed of a
    pinch of salt, 4-6 teaspoons of sugar mixed to 1
    liter of water
  • Acetaminophen: for fever
  • Codeine: severe headaches and for myalgia
  • No aspirin (anticoagulant = ↑bleeding)

Virus directly affects the blood vessels → vascular
permeability / plasma leakage → thrombocytopenia
→ ↓platelet count (N: 150, 000 – 450, 000) → prone
to bleeding
Use tawa-tawa (can ↑platelet)

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18
Q

DHF VACCINES:

A
  1. Dengvaxia, 2016
  2. Qdenga vaccine, 2022
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19
Q

Contraindication for both vaccines:
1. Dengvaxia, 2016
2. Qdenga vaccine, 2022

A
  1. AIDS / HIV
  2. Immunosuppression
  3. Chemotherapy
  4. Corticosteroid
  5. Pregnancy
  6. Breastfeeding
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20
Q
  1. Dengvaxia, 2016
    * Dosage:
    * Route:
    * Storage:
    * Discard reconstituted vaccine if not used
    * within:
    * no of Doses:
    * Interval:
A
  1. Dengvaxia, 2016
    * Dosage: 0.5 ml
    * Route: Subcutaneous
    * Storage: body of ref, +2 to +8C
    * Discard reconstituted vaccine if not used
    * within 30 mins
    * # of Doses: 0, 6, 12 months
    * Interval: 6 months apart
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21
Q

Qdenga vaccine, 2022
* 2 Dosage:
* Interval:
* Route:
* Interval:

A
  1. Qdenga vaccine, 2022
    Dosage: 0.5 ml
    Dose: 2 doses
    Interval: 3 months
    Route: SQ
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22
Q

CHICKEN POX Other name:

A

Varicella

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23
Q

Varicella CA:

A

Human Alpha Herpes Virus 3

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24
Q

HICKEN POX
- Other name: Varicella IP:

A

13-17 days
Macule (flat) → Papule (elevated) → Vesicle (fluidfilled)
→ Scab
Highly communicable until the scabs have crusted
over

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25
Q

CHICKEN POX MOT:

A
  • Droplet
  • Contact
  • Airborne (possible)
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26
Q

CHICKEN POX DX TEST:

A

Vesicular Fluid Test
1. Get a sample from the vesicle
2. Add staining reagent
3. Viewed under a microscope
Tzanck Smear
1. Get a sample from scab
2. Scrape a sample tissue (scalpel)
3. Place in glass slide
4. Add reagents
5. Viewed under microscope

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27
Q

Chicken pox (Varicella) s/sx:

A
  1. Irritating rash
  2. Fever
  3. Anorexia / Loss of Appetite
  4. Headache
  5. Malaise
  6. Coryza
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28
Q

CHICKEN POX Pattern:

A

Macule (flat) → Papule (elevated) →
Vesicle (fluid-filled) → Scab

29
Q

CHICKEN POX Distribution:

A

Centripetal – starts with the hidden
/ covered areas (chest, trunk, scalp)

30
Q

Chicken pox (Varicella) MANAGEMENT:

A
  1. Antipyretics - fever
  2. Lukewarm bath – relieve pruritus
  3. Baking soda – 1 cup and soak for 15-30
    mins – relieve pruritus
  4. Mittens for infants / children
31
Q
  • Protozoan infection / parasitic
A

MALARIA

32
Q

MALARIA vector

A

Female Anopheles mosquito

Parasites travel to the liver (target organ) where
they nurture and reproduce
Bloodstream → liver → mature & reproduce

33
Q

MALARIA Most common complication:

A

Malarial cachexia

34
Q

Malarial cachexia Characterized by:

A
  1. Jaundice
  2. Anemia
  3. Splenomegaly
  4. Hepatomegaly
  5. Emaciation (thinning and
    weakness)

  • May happen after 3 days
  • Prolonged, continued, and uncontrolled
    malaria
35
Q

MALARIA 5 CA

A

Parasites (protists)
1. Plasmodium Falciparum – most malignant
Drug resistant: Chloroquine / Aralen
Alternative drug: Sulfadoxine
2. Plasmodium malariae
3. Plasmodium vivax
4. Plasmodium ovale
5. Plasmodium knowlesi

36
Q

Female Anopheles mosquito CHARACTERISTICS:

A
  • Night biting (9pm – 3 am)
  • High flying
  • Free flowing
  • Rural areas
37
Q

MALARIA MOT:

A

Vector-borne (bite of the female anopheles
mosquito)

38
Q

MALARIA IP:

A

10-12 days

39
Q

Stages of MALARIA

A

A. Cold Stage
B. Hot Stage
C. Wet Stage

40
Q

MALARIA s/sx: A. Cold Stage

A
  1. Quivering / Shivering
  2. Chills
  3. Chatter teeth
41
Q

MALARIA s/sx: B. Hot Stage

A
  1. High fever that reaches up to 40C or 104F
    (Acetaminophen is preferred; TSB to
    promote heat loss by evaporation)
  2. Reddened eyes and skin
  3. The skin is warm to touch
42
Q

MALARIA s/sx: C. Wet Stage

A
  1. Diaphoresis (prone to DHN)
43
Q

Malaria Paroxysm
Plasmodium vivax / Plasmodium ovale – happens
every__
Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum –
every__

A

Malaria Paroxysm
Plasmodium vivax / Plasmodium ovale – happens
every 2 days
Plasmodium malariae and Plasmodium falciparum –
every 3 days

44
Q

Malaria DX TEST:

A

Peripheral Blood Smear

Get a sample of blood from the pt particularly at
the height of fever (Hot Stage)

45
Q

Peripheral Blood Smear 2 Types:

A
  1. Thick smear
  2. Thin smear
46
Q

quantitative; count number of
parasites present in the blood

A

Thick smear

47
Q

qualitative; identify the specific
causative agent / parasite that is present in
the blood

A

Thin smear

48
Q

6 RECOMMENDED ANTI-MALARIA DRUGS:

A
  1. Chloroquine (Aralen) 250 mgs
  2. Quinine
  3. Sulfadoxine
  4. Tetracycline
  5. Artemisinin
  6. Mefloquine
49
Q

with Pyrimethamine (after 1st
trimester, organogenesis); P. falciparum

A

Sulfadoxine

50
Q

given during emergency situations;
epidemic

A

Quinine

51
Q

taken 1-2 weeks before entering an
endemic area (Palawan) until 8
weeks
On pregnancy and endemic areas
(safe)

A

Chloroquine (Aralen) 250 mgs

52
Q
  1. Quinine given during emergency situations;
    epidemic
    WOF: neurologic toxicity:
A
  1. Confusion
  2. Disorientation
  3. Muscle weakness
  4. Seizures (worst adverse
    reaction)
  5. Coma (worst adverse
    reaction)
53
Q

RECOMMENDED ANTI-MALARIA DRUGS:

A
  1. Chloroquine (Aralen) 250 mgs:
    taken 1-2 weeks before entering an
    endemic area (Palawan) until 8
    weeks
    On pregnancy and endemic areas
    (safe)
  2. Quinine given during emergency situations;
    epidemic
    WOF: neurologic toxicity:
    * 1. Confusion
    * 2. Disorientation
    * 3. Muscle weakness
    * 4. Seizures (worst adverse
    * reaction)
    * 5. Coma (worst adverse
    * reaction)
    Children 5 mg/kg once a week
  3. Sulfadoxine – with Pyrimethamine (after 1st
    trimester, organogenesis); P. falciparum
  4. Tetracycline – oral liquid suspension: infant
    / children – use straw to prevent permanent
    staining of teeth
  5. Artemisinin
  6. Mefloquine
54
Q

MALARIA MANAGEMENT:

A
  1. TSB, antipyretics – promote heat loss by
    evaporation
  2. Increase fluid intake – 3-4L/day
  3. Monitor VS - temperature
  4. Bed rest – pt is weak / fatigue
  5. Iron-rich foods – possible anemia
55
Q

PREVENTION: clearing of vegetation

A

On-stream clearing

56
Q

PREVENTION: construction of bioponds

A

On-stream seeding

  • Larvivorous fish: tilapia
  • 2-4 fish/sqm: immediate impact
  • 200-400 fish/ha: delayed effect
57
Q

PREVENTION: Avoiding peak biting hours:

A

9pm to 3 am

58
Q

PREVENTION: the typing of domestic
animals (horses, carabao, cows); place near
dwelling houses to drive away mosquito

A

Zooprophylaxis

59
Q

5 PREVENTION:

A
  1. On-stream clearing – clearing of vegetation
  2. On-stream seeding – construction of bioponds
  3. Avoiding peak biting hours: 9pm to 3 am
  4. Zooprophylaxis
  5. Planting of neem tree
60
Q

Rodent: mice → urine/stool contains bacteria
that causes leptospirosis

A

LEPTOSPIROSIS

61
Q

LEPTOSPIROSIS Other names:

A
  1. Weil’s disease
  2. Mud fever
  3. Trench fever
  4. Flood fever
  5. Spiroketal Jaundice
  6. Japanese Seven Day Fever
62
Q

LEPTOSPIROSIS CA:

A

Leptospira interrogans

CLASSIFICATION:
Bacteria, gram (-), spiral shaped bacteria

63
Q

LEPTOSPIROSIS IP:

A

5-14 days (7-19 days)

64
Q

LEPTOSPIROSIS MOT:

A

Direct inoculation

65
Q

PHASES of LEPTOSPIROSIS

A

A. Anicteric Phase
B. Icteric Phase

66
Q

A. Anicteric Phase sx:

A
  1. Fever / chills
  2. Headache
  3. Nausea and vomiting
  4. Anorexia (Loss of appetite)
  5. Myalgia
  6. Diarrhea
67
Q

B. Icteric Phase s/sx:

A
  1. Jaundice (damaged liver/spleen)
  2. Renal failure
  3. Meningitis
  4. Myocarditis
68
Q

Leptospirosis DOC:

A
  1. Penicillin: 2M units
  2. Tetracycline: 100mg

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES (4 decks)

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