CCAP College 6

Question 1

sex differences in ADHD symptom expression

Answer 1

females
- internalized symptoms
- low mood, emotional lability and anxiety
- compensatory behavior (coping, compliance and resilience)
- symptoms may change during menstrual cycle, pregnancy or menopause
- comorbidity with eating disordrs, chronic fatigue disorder or SUD
males
- externalizing symptoms
- more hyperactivity
- lower compensatory behavior
- less difficulty with tasks involving independent planning
- no hormonal impact

Question 2

sex differences in DEPRESSION symptom expression

Answer 2

females
- more atypical symptoms (insomnia, increased appetite)
- more somatic symptoms (low energy, pain)
- higher comorbidity with anxiety
- increased risk on depression during hormonal transition phases
males
- symptom expression may be externalized
- symptoms expressed in irritability, aggression, violence, substance abuse and risky behavior
- higher comorbidity with externalizing and substance abuse disorders
- poorer relationships (withdrawn, neagtive and detached)
- less help-seeking behavior

Question 3

generalized sex differences in disorders

Answer 3

male-biased disorders: diagnosed very EARLY in development
female-biased disorders: diagnosed LATER, often in puberty because of increased vulnerability for internalizing disorders

Question 4

biological pathways

Answer 4

XX female, XY male
Y: has SRY, which leads to male gonade development
- directly linked to Y-chr: ANTISOCIAL BEHAVIOR, ADHD, AUTISM
females 2 X-chr: so all these proteins are expressed twice as much as in males, right? NO, because of RANDOM X-SILENCING IN FEMALES = in each cell, one of the X-chr is randomly silenced

Question 5

can male aggression be explained by higher testosterone levels?

Answer 5

testosterone -> aggression
mediator: social status, dominance, competitiveness

Question 6

Gendered Behavior Increases Testosterone Levels (Anders et al., 2015)

Answer 6

women and men both experience higher testosterone levels when placed in feminine and masculine conditions, but women more so

Question 7

Testosterone Levels Interact with Stereotype Activation (Hausmann, 2019)

Answer 7

task of figures floating; males are better at this
stereotype condition: hearing very stereotypical sex stories prior to this task –> females did worse, males did better

Question 8

underdiagnosis of male depression

Answer 8

males score the same on standardized tests, but are diagnosed less
higher addiction and suicide rates in males due to untreated depression
-> may be because they are twice less likely to seek help
-> the more masculine a man feels, the less likely he is to seek help

Question 9

underdiagnosis of female ADHD

Answer 9

• 5x less likely diagnosed
• more masking
• more co-occuring conditions (anxiety)
• more often misdiagnosed
• need more severe impairments to exhibit symptoms

Question 10

sex differences sociocultural

Answer 10

sex differences in:
- friendship, social norms
- social media
- extracurricular activities
- care taking duties
- change in care taking duties of children