CC811 Chap 14 & 15 Flashcards
Attachment Theory
A theory formulated by British psychiatrist John Bowlby and was elaborated on by his colleague Mary Ainsworth. It is based primarily on ethological theory and therefore asks how attachment might have evolved. It also draws on concepts from psychoanalytic theory and cognitive theory (p. 450).
Attachment
A strong affectional tie that binds a person to an intimate companion. It is also a behavioral system through which humans regulate their emotional distress which under threat and achieve security by seeking proximity to another person.
Imprinting
An innate form of learning in which the young will follow and become attached to a moving object (usually the mother) during a critical period early in life.
Oxytocin
A “love hormone” that plays a highly important role in facilitating parent-infant attachment as well as other social relationships.
Bonding
A more biologically based process in which parent and infant form a connection in the first hours after birth, which a mother is likely to be exhilarated and her newborn highly alert.
Internal Working Model
A cognitive representation of oneself and other people that guides one’s processing of social information and behavior in relationships.
Peer
A social equal; someone who functions at a similar level of behavioral complexity– often someone of similar age.
Chumship
A close childhood friendship, which teaches children to take on others’ perspectives and supports and protects children from the otherwise harmful effects of a poor parent-child relationship.
Self-conscious Emotion
Emotions, such as embarrassment, that require an awareness of self and begin to emerge around 18 months of age, just when infants are first able to recognize themselves in a mirror.
Social Referencing
When infants begin to monitor their companions’ emotional reactions in ambiguous situations and use this information to decide how they should feel and behave (usually begins around 9 months of age).
Emotion Regulation
The process involved in initiating, maintaining and altering emotional responses.
Synchronized Routines
Situations in which parents respond to a child’s invitations for play or social stimulation and retreats when such invitations aren’t so apparent. This tends to occur when a parent is sensitive to moments when a baby is receptive and alert while allowing space when a baby approaches social stimulation ‘overload’.
Goal-corrected Partnership
A relationship that involves taking a parent’s goas and plans into consideration and adjusting one’s behavior to achieve the all-important goal of maintaining optimal proximity to the attachment object, caregiver, or parent in this case.
Separation Anxiety
A form of fear; once attached to a parent, a bay often becomes wary or fretful when separated from that parent.
Stranger Anxiety
A wary or fretful reaction to the approach of an unfamiliar person.
Secure Base
A point of safety from which an infant can feel free to venture (usually the infant’s attachment figure or caregiver).
Strange Situation
A now-famous procedure for measuring the quality of an attachment that consists of eight episodes that gradually escalate the amount of stress infants experience as they react to the approach of an adult stranger and the departure and return of their caregiver.
Secure Attachment
An infant-caregiver bond or intimate relationship in which the individual welcomes close contact, uses the attachment object as a source of comfort and dislikes but can manage separations.
Resistant Attachment
An insecure infant-caregiver bond characterized by strong separation anxiety and a tendency to show ambivalent reactions to the attachment object upon reunion, seeking and yet resenting reunion.
Avoidant Attachment
An insecure infant-caregiver bond characterized by little separation anxiety and a tendency to avoid or ignore the attachment object upon reunion.
Disorganized-disoriented Attachment
An insecure infant-caregiver bond, common among abused children, that combines features of the resistant and avoidant attachment attachment styles and is characterized by the infant’s dazed response to reunion and confusion about whether to approach or avoid the caregiver.
Contact Comfort
The pleasurable contact sensations provided by a soft and cuddly “parent”.
Disinhibited Attachment
Attachment characterized by indiscriminate friendliness, lack of appropriate wariness of strangers and difficulty participating in real, reciprocal social interactions.
Pretend Play
Play in which one actors, object or action symbolizes or stands for another and usually begins around age 1 for most children.
Social Pretend Play
Play in which children cooperate with caregivers or playmates to enact dramas. They can become quite sophisticated and require a good deal of social competence.
Sociometric Techniques
Methods for determining who is liked and who is disliked in a group.
Co-rumination
The excessive discussion of personal problems with a friend which tend to strengthen friendships but aggravate rather than relieve symptoms of depression and anxiety in girls.
Clique
A small friendship group that tend to have little to do with the other sex.
Crowd
A collection of heterosexual cliques that is involved in arranging organized social activities.
Social Convoy
A social network and support system that accompanies us during our life’s journey, changing as we go.
Socioemotional Selectivity Theory
A theory that explains the shrinking social convoy as a choice older adults make to better meet their emotional needs once they perceive the time left to them as short.
Positivity Effect
Involves paying more attention to and putting more priority on remembering positive information than on negative information in order to achieve one’s emotional gratification goals.
Homogamy
A term equated with “similarity” between individuals involved in mate selection.
Triangular Theory of Love
A theory developed by Robert Sternberg that identifies different types of love based on the strength of three components of love: passion (romantic, sexual feelings), intimacy (emotional togetherness) and decision/commitment (deciding one loves another and deciding the remain faithful).
Consummate Love
Love defined by high levels of passion, intimacy and decision/commitment.
Compassionate Love
Affectionate love defined by high intimacy and commitment but not much passion (Triangular Theory of Love).
Equity
A balance of contributions and gains in relationship.
Reactive Attachment Disorder
A psychiatric diagnosis affecting socially deprived and maltreated children that involves either emotionally withdrawn behavior suggestive of a lack of attachment or a disinhibited attachment pattern in which children display indiscriminate interest in people and a lack of appropriate wariness of strangers.
Confidant
A spouse, relative or friend to whom thoughts and feelings can be shared.
Family Systems Theory
A theory that conceptualizes the family as a system– a whole consisting of interrelated parts, each of which affects an is affected by every other part, and each of which contributes to the functioning of the whole.
Nuclear Family
A single family unit that consists of father, mother, and at least one child.
Coparenting
Describes the ways in which two parents coordinate their parenting and function well (or poorly) as a team in relation to their children.
Extended Family Household
A situation in which parents and their children live with other kin– some combination of grandparents, siblings, aunts, uncles, nieces and nephews.
Family Life Cycle
A sequence of changes (believed to involve eight stages) in family composition, roles, and relationships from the time people marry until they die.
Linked Lives
Describes a situation in which one’s development as an individual is intertwined with that of other family members.
Reconstituted Family
A blended, single family unit that includes at least a parent, a stepparent, and a child (sometimes multiple children from two families).
Indirect Effect
Instances in which the relationship or interaction between two individuals is modified by the behavior or attitudes of a third family member.
Acceptance-responsiveness
This term refers to the extent to which parents are supportive, sensitive to their children’s needs, and willing to provide affection and praise when their children meet their expectations.
Demandingness-control
Also known as “permissiveness-restrictiveness”, this term refers to how much control over decisions lies with the parent as opposed to the with the child.
Authoritarian Parenting
A parenting style that involves restrictive parenting, combining high demandingness-control and low acceptance-responsiveness.
Authoritative Parenting
A parenting style that involves more flexibility, demandingness-control and acceptance-responsiveness. Parents who use this style are reasonable and democratic but still clearly in control.
Permissive Parenting
A parenting style that combines high acceptance-responsiveness and low demandingness-control.
Neglectful Parenting
A parenting style that combines low demandingness-control and low acceptance-responsiveness.
Parent Effects Model
A model of family influence that assumes that influences run one way, from parent (particularly the mother) to child.
Child Effects Model
A model of family influence that highlights the influence of children on their parents. For example, it can often be the case that a child’s age and competence influences the style of parenting used on that child.
Transactional Model
A model of family influence in which parent and child are seen as influencing one another reciprocally. Child problems develop as the relationship between parent and child goes bad.
Sibling Rivalry
The spirit of competition, jealousy, and resentment between brothers and sisters.
Autonomy
The capacity to make decisions independently and manage life tasks without being overly dependent on other people.
Empty Nest
Describes the family after the last child has left the home– a phase of the family life cycle that became common only starting in the 20th century as people began to live longer but have fewer children.
Middle Generation Squeeze
Also known as the “sandwich generation” phenomenon, this describes the situation of middle-aged adults pressured by demands from both the younger and the older generations simultaneously.
Caregiver Burden
Psychological distress associated with the demands of providing care for someone with physical or cognitive impairments.
Cohabitation
Living with a romantic partner without being married.
Spillover Effects
Ways in which events from work affect home life and events at home carry over into the workplace.
Child Abuse
Mistreating or harming a child physically, emotionally, or sexually.
Child Maltreatment
A broad term that includes both abuse and neglect of the child’s basic needs.
Intergenerational Transmission of Parenting
The passing down from generation to generation of parenting styles, abusive or otherwise.
