CC 811 Chap 5

Question 1

Celiac Disease

Answer 1

An inherited digestive problem in which gluten (the proteins found in all wheat products) triggers an immune response that damages the small intestine.

Question 2

Catch-up Growth

Answer 2

A phenomenon in which children (i.e., those with celiac disease) who have experienced growth deficits will grow rapidly and catch up with the growth trajectory they are genetically programmed to follow.

Question 3

Endocrine Gland(s)

Answer 3

Organs in the endocrine or hormonal system that secret chemicals called “hormones” directly into the bloodstream.

Question 4

Pituitary Gland

Answer 4

Perhaps the most critical of the endocrine glands; the so-called “master gland” located at the base of the brain; controlled by the hypothalamus; triggers the release of hormones from all other endocrine glands by sending hormonal messages to those glands.

Question 5

Growth Hormone

Answer 5

The hormone responsible for triggering specialized hormones the directly regulate growth.

Question 6

Androgens

Answer 6

Male hormones that help trigger the adolescent growth spurt and the development of the male sex organs, secondary sex characteristics, and sexual motivation.

Question 7

Estrogen

Answer 7

The female hormone responsible for the development of the breasts, the female sex organs, and secondary sex characteristics and for the beginning of menstrual cycles.

Question 8

Neuron

Answer 8

The basic unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell.

Question 9

Synapse

Answer 9

The point at which the axon or dendrite of one neuron makes a connection with another neuron.

Question 10

Myelination

Answer 10

The depositing of a fatty sheath around neural axons that insulates them and thereby speeds the transmission of neural impulses.

Question 11

Plasticity

Answer 11

An openness of the brain cells (or of the organism as a whole) to positive and negative environmental influence; a capacity to change in response to experience.

Question 12

Lateralization

Answer 12

The specialization of the two hemispheres of the cerebral cortex of the brain.

Question 13

Neurogenesis

Answer 13

The process of generating new neurons across the lifespan.

Question 14

Cephalocaudal Principle

Answer 14

The principle that growth proceeds fromt the head (cephalic region) to the tail (caudal region).

Question 15

Proximodistal Principle

Answer 15

In development, the principle that growth proceeds from the center of the body (or the proximal region) to the extremities (the distal regions).

Question 16

Orthogenetic Principle

Answer 16

Werner’s principle that development proceeds from global and undifferentiated states toward more differentiated and integrated patterns of response.

Question 17

Reflex

Answer 17

An unlearned and automatic response to a stimulus.

Question 18

REM Sleep

Answer 18

A state of active, irregular sleep associated with dreaming; named for the rapid eye movements associated with it.

Question 19

Developmental Norm

Answer 19

The age at which half of a large group of infants or children master a skill or display a behavior; the average age for achieving a milestone in development.

Question 20

Gross Motor Skills

Answer 20

Skills that involve large muscles and whole body or limb movements (for example, kicking the legs or drawing large circles). Contrast with fine motor skills.

Question 21

Fine Motor Skills

Answer 21

Skills that involve precise movements of the hands and fingers or feet and toes. Contrast with gross motor skills.

Question 22

Locomotion

Answer 22

The process of moving from one location to another.

Question 23

Ulnar Grasp

Answer 23

Holding objects by clamping them between the palm of the hand and the fingers.

Question 24

Pincer Grasp

Answer 24

A grasp in which the thumb is used in opposition to the fingers, enabling an infant to become more dexterous at listing and manipulating objects.

Question 25

Rhythmic Stereotypies

Answer 25

Repetitive movements observed in infants shortly before a new motor skill emerges.

Question 26

Dynamic Systems Theory

Answer 26

A perspective on development applied to motor development which proposes that more sophisticated patterns of motor behavior emerge over time through a “self-organizing” process in which children modify their motor behavior in adaptive ways on the basis of the sensory feedback they receive when they try different movements.

Question 27

Congenital Malformations

Answer 27

Defects that are present at birth and are caused by genetic factors, prenatal events, or both.

Question 28

Reaction Time

Answer 28

The interval between the presentation of a stimulus and a response to it.

Question 29

Body Mass Index (BMI)

Answer 29

An indicator of body fat calculated from a person’s height and weight.

Question 30

Obesity

Answer 30

Condition of being overweight; specifically between 20% or more above the “ideal” weight for one’s height, age and sex.

Question 31

Puberty

Answer 31

The point at which a person reaches sexual maturity and is physically capable of conceiving a child.

Question 32

Adolescent Growth Spurt

Answer 32

The rapid increase in physical growth that occurs during adolescence.

Question 33

Adrenarche

Answer 33

A period of increased production of adrenal hormones, starting around 6-8 years of age, that normall precedes increased production of gonadal hormones associated with puberty.

Question 34

Semenarche

Answer 34

A boy’s first ejaculation.

Question 35

Secular Trend

Answer 35

A trend in industrialized society toward earlier maturation and greater body size.

Question 36

Constitutional Growth Delay

Answer 36

Children who are small for age (at or below the 5th percentile on a growth chart) and late entering puberty, but growing at a normal or near-normal pace.

Question 37

Diabetes

Answer 37

A metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of glucose or sugar in the blood leading to symptoms of thirst, excessive urination, fatigue, and problems involving eyes, kidneys and other organs.

Question 38

Reserve Capacity

Answer 38

The ability of any many organ systems to respond to demands for extraordinary output, such as when the heart and lungs work at maximal capacity.

Question 39

Ageism

Answer 39

Prejudice against elderly people.

Question 40

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

Answer 40

Several symptoms experienced shortly before each menstrual period that include having tender breasts, feelings bloated and being irritable and moody.

Question 41

Menopause

Answer 41

The ending of a woman’s menstrual periods and reproductive capacity around age 51.

Question 42

Hot Flash

Answer 42

The sudden experience of warmth and sweating, often followed by a cold shiver, that occurs in menopausal women.

Question 43

Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT)

Answer 43

Taking estrogen and progestin to compensate for hormone loss because of menopause in women.

Question 44

Andropause

Answer 44

The slower and less dramatic male counterpart of “menopause”, characterized by decreasing levels of testosterone and symptoms that include low libido, fatigue and lack of energy, erection problems, memory problems, and loss of pubic hair.

Question 45

Osteoporosis

Answer 45

A disease affecting older adults in which bone tissue is lost, leaving bones fragile and easily fractured.

Question 46

Osteoarthritis

Answer 46

A joint problem among older adults resulting from gradual deterioration of the cartilage that cushions the bones and keeps them from rubbing together.

Question 47

Menarche

Answer 47

A female’s first menstrual period.