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3rd yr 2nd sem > CC2 - ENDOCRINOLOGY > Flashcards

CC2 - ENDOCRINOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical substance that sends message to another cell in the body.

A

Hormone

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2
Q

Hormone are cellular messages that are sent to other cells via:

A

➢ Bloodstream
➢ Gastrointestinal tract
➢ Neurologically
➢ Interstitial fluid

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3
Q

6 HORMONE CLASSIFICATION

A

Amine
Peptide
Protein
Glycoprotein
Steroid
Fatty Acid

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4
Q

Hormone Classification:

Very short half-lives compared to other protein hormones

A

AMINE

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5
Q

Examples of AMINE

A

Epinephrine
Melatonin
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)
Serotonin
urinary 5- Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid (5-HIAA)

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6
Q

Hormone Classification:

  • Made of chains of amino acids
  • Cannot cross cellular membranes easily
A

PEPTIDE

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7
Q

Examples of PEPTIDE

A

Vasopressin
Oxytocin

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8
Q

Vasopressin and Oxytocin are stored in

A

posterior pituitary gland

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9
Q

Hormone Classification:

  • Made of chains of amino acids
  • Have primary, secondary, and tertiary structures
A

PROTEIN

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10
Q

Examples of PROTEIN

A

ACTH
Calcitonin
Insulin
Glucagon
Oxytocin

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11
Q

Hormone Classification:

Conjugated proteins bound to carbohydrates

A

GLYCOPROTEIN

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12
Q

Examples of GLYCOPROTEIN

A
  • FSH→Follicle Stimulating Hormone
  • LH → Luteinizing Hormone
  • TSH → Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
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13
Q

Hormone Classification:

  • Derived from a lipid, typically cholesterol
  • Act in the nucleus of the cell, to modify transcription and translation
A

STEROID

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14
Q

Examples of STEROID

A

aldosterone
cortisol
estrogen
progesterone
testosterone
dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

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15
Q

Hormone Classification:

Made up of small fatty acid derivatives of arachidonic acid

A

FATTY ACID

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16
Q

Examples of FATTY ACID

A
  • Eicosanoids → related to hemostasis
  • Leukotrienes → inflammation response; elicit
    inflammation
  • Prostaglandin & Thromboxanes → release from
    endothelium
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17
Q

PITUITARY GLAND is divided into two:

Derived from both Latin and Greek literally means to ___

Known as the ___

A

Anterior & Posterior

Spit mucus

Master gland

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18
Q

They are not directed secreted and are also called as

A

HYPOPHYSIS

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19
Q

ANTERIOR PITUITARY is also known as

A

Adenohypophysis

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20
Q
  • Largest portion of the gland
  • It is the “true endocrine gland”
A

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

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21
Q

ANTERIOR PITUITARY

The hormones secreted by the anterior lobe are either ___ or ___

A

peptides
glycoproteins

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22
Q

Anterior is for ___
Posterior is for ____

A

secretion
storage

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23
Q

5 ANTERIOR PITUITARY CELL TYPES

A

Lactotrophs
Somatotrophs
Thyrotrophs
Corticotrophs
Gonadotrophs

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24
Q

• ___ – prolactin secreting cells

• ___ – growth hormone secreting cells

• Thyrotrophs – ___ hormone secreting cells

• Corticotrophs – ___ secreting cells

• ___ – LH and FSH secreting cells

A

Lactotrophs

Somatotrophs

thyroid stimulating

ACTH

Gonadotrophs

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25
Q

Poorly developed in humans and has little functional capacity

A

INTERMEDIATE LOBE

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26
Q

INTERMEDIATE LOBE also called as

A

pars intermedialis

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27
Q

POSTERIOR PITUITARY also known as

A

Neurohypophysis

28
Q

POSTERIOR PITUITARY arises from the ___

A

diencephalon

29
Q

POSTERIOR PITUITARY is responsible for the storage and release of ___ and ___

A

oxytocin

vasopressin (ADH)

30
Q

Oxytocin and Vasopressin are release through direction of ___

A

central nervous system

31
Q

Pituitary Gland is detected between ___ & ___ of gestation

A

7th and 9th week
(First trimester - first three months of pregnancy)

32
Q

Pituitary Gland resides in a pocket of the sphenoid, sella turcica. Sella turcia is also known as ___

A

Turkish Saddle

33
Q

Sella turcica is part of skeletal system because it
separates ___ and superior portion of pituitary in hypothalamus

A

dura mater

34
Q

The diaphragm sella is penetrated by the ___ or pituitary stalk that connects the adenohypophysis to median eminence and hypothalamus

A

infundibulum

35
Q

The anterior pituitary receives ___of its blood supply and many hypothalamic factors via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

80-90%

36
Q

The hypothalamic response patterns are characterized by ___, ___, and ___

A

open-loop negative feedback mechanisms

pulsatility

cyclicity

37
Q

They are subject to external modulation and generally influenced or modified by higher neural input or other GnRH hormones

A

Open-Loop

38
Q

Example of Open-Loop

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary thyroidal axis

39
Q

Difference of Negative Feedback and Positive Feedback. Give each an example.

A

• Negative Feedback→ Increase production of the
substance and decrease the activity of that system
E.g., TSH

• Positive Feedback→ Increase production and increase activity
E.g., oxytocin

40
Q

Pulse frequency of secretion is generally regulated by neural modulation

A

PULSATILE

41
Q

Secretion of the hormones that regulate gonadal function

A

PULSATILE

42
Q

___ is a diurnal variation and the nervous system regulates this function through external signals, such as light-dark changes

A

CYCLIC

43
Q

2 Examples of cyclic

A

ACTH
TSH

44
Q

CYCLIC:

___ (time giver) refers to the process of entraining or synchronizing these external cues into the function of internal biologic clocks

A

Zeitgeber

45
Q

ACTH, the nadir (lowest) of secretion is between ___ and ___, and the peak occurs on awakening or around ___ to ___

A

11:00 pm and 3:00 am

6:00 to 9:00 am

46
Q

HYPOTHALAMIC HORMONES is also known as

A

HYPOPHYSIOTROPHIC

47
Q

TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

Structure:
Action:

A

3 amino acids
Releases TSH and prolactin

48
Q

GnRH (Gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone)

Structure:
Action:

A

10 AA
Releases LH and FSH

49
Q

CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone)

Structure:
Action:

A

41 AA
Releases ACTH

50
Q

GHRH (Growth-hormone-releasing hormone)

Structure:
Action:

A

44 AA
Releases GH

51
Q

Somatostatin

Structure:
Action:

A

14 and 28 AA

Inhibits GH and TSH release
(additional effects on gut and pancreatic function)

52
Q

Dopamine (prolactin inhibitory factor)

Structure:
Action:

A

1 AA
Inhibits prolactin release

53
Q

ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES has two classifications:

A

Tropic
Direct effector

54
Q

Differentiate Tropic and direct effector of anterior pituitary hormone. Give also examples.

A

• Tropic – actions are specific for another endocrine gland
- E.g., LH, FSH, TSH, ACTH

• Direct effector – they act directly on peripheral tissues
- E.g., Growth Hormone and Prolactin

55
Q

6 Pituitary Hormones

A

LH
FSH
TSH
ACTH
GH
Prolactin

56
Q

LH - Luteinizing hormone
FSH - Follicle stimulating hormone

Target gland:

Structure:

Feedback Hormone:

A

Gonad

Dimeric glycoprotein

LH - Sex steroids (F2/T)
FSH - Inhibin

57
Q

TSH - Thyroidstimulating hormone

Target gland:

Structure:

Feedback Hormone:

A

Thyroid

Dimeric glycoprotein

Thyroid hormones (T4/T3)

58
Q

ACTH - Adrenocorticotropic hormone

Target gland:

Structure:

Feedback Hormone:

A

Adrenal

Single peptide derived from POMC

Cortisol

59
Q

Growth Hormone

Target gland:

Structure:

Feedback Hormone:

A

Multiple

Single peptide

IGF-I

60
Q

Prolactin

Target gland:

Structure:

Feedback Hormone:

A

Breast

Single peptide

Unknown

61
Q

Either to increase or decrease the hormone and it maintains balance

A

Feedback hormone

62
Q

• ___ is responsible for MILK PRODUCTION

• ___ is responsible for MILK EJECTION

A

Prolactin

Oxytocin

63
Q

___ is responsible for steroidogenesis

A

ACTH

64
Q

Transcribe POMC

A

Proopiomelanocortin

(Pro + Opio + Mel + Ano + Cortin)

65
Q

Growth Hormone is aka

A

Somatotropin

66
Q

A single peptide with two intramolecular disulfide bridges

A

Growth Hormone

3rd yr 2nd sem (4 decks)

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